Global risk analysis Essay

This paper aims to review the publication of the World Bank Risk Management on the natural disaster hotspots. Specifically, this book is entitled â€Å"Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis†. In addition, this book was published in 1995 in order to address increasing risk brought by the natural disasters all over the world. As a result, this book gave light to the role of natural disasters in significantly shaping the lives of every people as well as its economy and its community. And so, a review in this book will yield great results to the readers of this paper. A Global Risk Analysis on Natural Disasters Natural disasters are described as any terrible event, not caused by human activity, which results in deaths, injuries or even damage to property. (Forces of Nature, 2007) As it name implies one cannot avoid the occurrence of natural catastrophes since they are not man-made activities. In other words, human activities cannot interfere with the occurrence of natural phenomenon. More importantly, their occurrence usually causes great damage on the lives and community of people. And as a matter of fact, it disrupts the everyday conduct of lives of human beings. In the book, the authors have presented the great risk faced by people with the occurrence of the natural catastrophes. More specifically, the study reveals that 3. 4 billion people, more than half or the world’s population, live in areas where at least one hazard could significantly impact them. Aside from this finding, other important findings in the book are as follows: (Uku and Tobin, 2005) †¢ Approximately 20 percent of the Earth’s land surface is exposed to at least one of the natural hazards evaluated; †¢ 160 countries have more than one quarter of their population in areas of high mortality risk from one or more hazards; †¢ More than 90 countries have more than 10 percent of their population in areas of high mortality risk from two or more hazards; †¢ In 35 countries, more than 1 in 20 residents lives at relatively high mortality risk from 3 or more hazards; †¢ More than one-third of the United States’ population lives in hazard-prone areas, but only one percent of its land area ranks in the highest disaster-related mortality risk category; †¢ Taiwan may be the place on Earth most vulnerable to natural hazards, with 73 percent of its land and population exposed to three or more hazards; †¢ More than 90 percent of the populations of Bangladesh, Nepal, the Dominican Republic, Burundi, Haiti, Taiwan, Malawi, El Salvador, and Honduras live in areas at high relative risk of death from two or more hazards; and †¢ Poorer countries in the developing world are more likely to have difficulty absorbing repeated disaster-related losses and costs associated with disaster relief, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. Indeed, natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, cyclones, droughts, landslides and floods cause tens and thousands of deaths as well as hundreds of thousands of injuries. Aside from deaths and injuries, natural hazards also cause economic losses around the world each year. As such, billions of dollars are expended also every year in the aspect of humanitarian assistance, emergency loans and development aids. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) And so, the key findings of the book imply that in almost all parts of the world, people are faced with great risks from natural hazards. As a result, the occurrence of these natural phenomena disrupts the regular conduct of personal and business activities of people and organization. This disruption, in turn, results to the overall socio-economic development of a nation. And in the case of the developing world, development will even become more elusive. With the annual occurrence of natural disasters, it is the poor nations that are greatly affected, such that they become poorer and poorer with every cyclical happening of natural phenomena. Despite the large losses of people and money from natural disasters, organizations especially governments are unable to address effectively the damages brought about by natural disasters. This claim has been evident on the recoded loss of human lives as well as properties annually due to natural catastrophes. For instance, the tsunami incident that happened in Thailand last December 26, 2004 had killed 229,866 people. Also, the international community has donated an estimated US $7 billion for humanitarian aid to all the victims of the tsunami incident. And so, the reluctance on the part of the government and the people can be traced on the fact that natural disasters are unavoidable phenomena. What they can only do is to experience this phenomenon and hope for the minimal damage it brings. This kind of thinking has been the target of the book. It aims to deliver the message that in spite of the potential threats brought about by natural disasters, the people and the government can coordinate in order to have a successful encounter with these phenomena. Furthermore, the book emphasizes more on the development issues rather than the typical issues on humanitarian aspect. It also identifies the regions which are highly at risk with natural hazards. In this way, development efforts can be better informed and designed to reduce disaster-related losses in the future. Because of the natural hazard cycles repeating themselves every few years, developing countries find themselves in a vicious cycle of loss and recovery without the ability to move forward and achieve sustainable development. As such, there is a need for the highly affected nations such as the developing world to cooperate with the international community in devising ways to manage disaster risk rather than merely giving humanitarian aids. It is through disaster risk management that the international community can truly help the developing nations. As mentioned earlier, the occurrence of natural catastrophes cannot be avoided. And so, it is best to have an effective risk management program on disasters than forever be included in the vicious cycle of damage and revitalization. By stepping out of the vicious cycle, one is removed from the path of continuous loss and recovery, thus achieving development. Based on the book, risk management on disasters is effectively done by primarily focusing on the two disaster-related outcomes- the mortality and economic losses. The risk level was then estimated by combining the hazard exposure with historical vulnerability for two indicators of elements at risk- gridded population and gross domestic product (GDP) per unit area- for six major natural hazards: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods, drought and cyclones. The natural disasters were classified in three categories- geophysical, hydro and drought. The geophysical includes the volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides. On the hydro, it consists of the floods and hurricanes. And so, by calculating the relative risks for grid cells rather than for countries as a whole, the authors are able to estimate risk levels at sub-national scales. (Dilley et. al. , 2005) Conclusion Overall, the book served as a catalyst in enlightening individuals as well as organizations both in the public and private realm about the impact of natural disasters and how they will be able to address this phenomenon. Undoubtedly, the book has shed some light into the ways of escaping the vicious cycle of loss and recovery, which is brought about by the annual occurrence of natural disasters. This is especially true in the context of the developing world wherein development becomes elusive once countries have entered the natural hazard cycle. And so, in order not to aggravate poverty, countries especially the developing ones must properly manage natural hazards. The occurrence of natural disasters can be addressed by the international community not through humanitarian aid but by development programs in the context of risk management on disasters. REFERENCES Dilley, M. , Chen, R. , Deichmann, U. , Lerner-Lam, A. and Arnold M. (2005, April). Natural disaster hotspots: A global risk analysis. World Bank disaster risk management series no. 5. Forces of Nature. Glossary. Retrieved June 26, 2007 from, http://library. thinkquest. org/C003603/english/glossary. shtml. Uku, R. and Tobin, M. (2005, March 31). Natural disaster hotspots: A global risk analysis- Columbia University and the World Bank produce new report. EurekAlert.

The Chemical Engineering

By the 2020s, the world is in our hands and the world population will be more than 10 billion. How can we ensure that the growing demands of this population and our environmental issues will keep intact for the next decade and century? I have always had questions about how to convert raw materials into usable products such as plastics. This spark ignited my passion for chemical engineering. This area of study combines math and science together and pushes the frontier of science and technology forward. Since Chemical Engineering is one of the most fundamental factors that underpin how the world works by understanding the key chemical processes of nature. The problem solving aspect of Engineering particularly attracts me. Seeing the transfer of scientific theory to world industry is something not only appealing, but intellectually stimulating. Throughout high school, I have maintained a GPA of 3.5 and above. Academically, I have always strived to diversify and take classes from a variety of fields. I earned an award for excellence in 3D CAD designing models. On the same note, I've recognized the value of new experiences as a form of learning in itself and as a result, I have participated in many community service trips. Some of the more memorable ones were beach cleaning and reforestation, which provided a hands-on experience to view how the world is changing. Moreover, I participated in an internship at Somdej Prapinklao Hospital, during which I was exposed to the intricacies of the medical professional field. I have also demonstrated leadership by managing the prom committee and leading the team in planning and organizing the event. I've been active in my student council and have served as the head of event management. In my spare time, I also use CAD to create a model plan for my friends in Robotics class and it actually worked! All these activities have improved my leadership and interpersonal skills, which have improved my personal qualities. Along the way, I have realized the importance of teamwork for the road to success and the importance of giving back to the society that nurtured me. Personally, I really enjoy studying new technologies, because I believe inventions improve the world and their diversity of use will become even more important in the future. Also, my commitment has shown that my knowledge in diverse fields will be further improved by pursuing the field of Chemical Engineering. Being a very dynamic and open-minded person, I see and have an interest in a wide variety of activities and disciplines. I can't be more assured of myself to say that Chemical Engineering is my thing! I'm attracted by the world of innovation in which new materials are being developed all the time. Especially, my curiosity also motivated me to look forward and beyond. For instance, I always believe that â€Å"Education is the key,† therefore, I want to attain the highest level of education in Chemical Engineering and I actually found the gateway to the beautiful garden of Chemical at National Taiwan University of Science and Technology.

Power of Context Essay Essay

The power of context, written by Malcolm Gladwell, discuss’ many different social change theories such as the â€Å"Broken Windows Theory†, â€Å"Tipping Points† and the â€Å"Power of Context theory†. All of these theories were researched and studies performed to prove that we are influenced by the features of our immediate social and physical world, these shaping who we are and how we act. These theories have been seen in every part of town, Graffiti painted buildings and broken windows in vacant houses. Where there are news paper articles written about the few that have taken the initiative to turn their neighborhood around. Where neighbors rally to paint over graffiti, fix broken windows, make a park where once was a gang hangout. Where as sad as it may seem, most of the children fit into the description of the four youths who attempted to mug Goetz December 22 ,1984. Where Goetz was dubbed the â€Å"Subway Vigilante† after fighting back against he would be muggers, shooting them in the subway and later being acquitted on charges of assault and attempted murder. Goetz’ case has become a symbol of a particular, dark moment in New York City history, the moment when the city’s crime problem reached epidemic proportions or the â€Å"Tipping Point†. The â€Å"Tipping Point† where in epidemiology the â€Å"tipping point† is the moment when a virus reaches critical mass. Gladwell links these would have been muggers and the shooting to another theory, one that would change the atmosphere and quite possibly the culture of the neighborhood the thugs came from. The â€Å"Broken Window Theory† was the brainchild of the criminalogistics James Q Wilson and George Kelling. Wilson and Kelling argued that â€Å"crime is the inevitable result of disorder. If a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude that no one cares and no one is in charge. Soon, more windows will be broken, and the sense of anarchy will spread from the building to the street on which it faces, sending a signal that anything goes. In a city, relatively minor problems like graffiti, public disorder, and aggressive panhandling, they write, are all the equivalent of broken windows, invitations to more serious crimes.† (Gladwell, 237) The â€Å"Power of Context† theory that Gladwell writes about and the â€Å"Broken Windows Theory† are one and the same We have all heard the saying, â€Å"You are what you eat†. The same would be true in you are what you surround yourself with. I feel that the â€Å"Power of Context† is true in the context that if you live in a home you are proud of, you will be more confident in your self worth. If you surround yourself with people more intelligent than yourself, you will increase your mental aptitude. Those that set goals and stick to them seem to achieve more than those who never set goals. I feel that Gladwell did a great job in personifying the theories and arguing their relevance. Works Cited Gladwell, Malcolm. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Power of Context. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt and Publishing Company, 2009. View as multi-pages

Standards in Police Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Standards in Police Selection - Essay Example Cases in the media where police officers are caught (on tape or otherwise) brutalizing segments of society only underscore the importance of careful police selection processes being in place. But how do police departments typically set the standards which recruits must pass and what methods are implemented during this crucial selection process? According to Doerner and Nowell (1999), "Most departments rely upon polygraphing, physical wellness standards, educational requirements, medical reviews, and background checks to screen out patently unqualified applicants." These methods are often augmented by "psychological testing, personality typologies, cognitive examinations, interest inventories, oral board interviews, assessment centers, and situational tests" (Doerner & Nowell 1999) in order to complete the selection process. In order to save time and cost in the police selection process, however, attempts to replace these traditional methods of police selection are continually being tested for reliability and validity. To this end, there are many new police selection tools that have come on the market recently. One of these newer methods of police selection is the behavioral-personnel assessment device test (B-PAD). In this test, recruits view a videotape of typical police crises and scenarios, and then their responses of how they would handle the situation as a police officer are recorded on tape, to be viewed by a panel of judges.(Doerner & Nowell 1999). The B-PAD is supposed to test a recruits interpersonal skills and judgment. There are some questions about whether such a test is biased against the demographic background factors of either the recruit or the judges, such as bias based on sex or race. Although preliminary studies show there is no bias in test, there is sure to be more research on this . One of the most typical ways that a police department in the U.S. selects recruits is

How Engineering improve the safety of dangerous sports Research Paper

How Engineering improve the safety of dangerous sports - Research Paper Example Sports can be thrilling and a useful way of spending your time. Even though sports are mainly meant to be harmless and a source of joy, some of them are very risky to those taking part in them. Some of the dangerous sports include bicycle motocross where the cyclist performs hazardous tricks while in the air, racing like in formula 1 in which accidents have been fatal, big wave surfing, football, volcano boarding, tennis, ice hockey, skateboarding and basketball. In my view, engineering has been very helpful in reducing the amount of injuries in sports. The number of injuries reported in recent years have been less compared to those reported when the advancement in engineering field wasn’t as much. Engineers have come up with ways that have improved our safety in many sports that are generally considered dangerous and harmful. This developments have resulted in many people getting involved in such sports and of course I have been encouraged too given am safer now when am enjoying my sport. Looking at football for example, engineers have come up with helmets that can protect the player’s skull from fracture during those strong tackles. Helmets that can prevent concussions are also being developed thus improving the safety of players. This has been a very vital research as risks of death are reduced. The players also wear mouth guards made by engineers to protect themselves from losing teeth and some protective gear on other parts of body. Comparing modern day football and that from back then, I would actually want to be a football player in this days due to safety concerns. In motor racing, those cars are a lot safer now due to efforts done by engineers do ensure safety of drivers. There have been development of safety helmets, fire extinguishers in the race cars, racing uniforms that wouldn’t catch fire easily in the case that the vehicle caught fire during the

Discuss Mark Twain's portrayal of women in Adventures of Huckleberry Essay

Discuss Mark Twain's portrayal of women in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn - Essay Example While most of the characters represent various members of the male society, there are a significant number of women who play an essential role within the novel. For Twain, there seems to be basically three types of women – the harridan, the sweetly stereotypical Victorian housewife and the intelligent. These types are portrayed within the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through the characters of Miss Watson as the spinsterly old maid, the older Wilks sisters as the properly trained young ladies and the intelligent Mrs. Judith Loftus and Joann Wilks comprising the final set. In the very opening of the book, Twain introduces us to the two most common type of women, the Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. The image we get of Miss Watson is rather grim. She is â€Å"a tolerable slim old maid, with goggles on† who immediately â€Å"took a set at me now with a spelling-book. She worked me middling hard for about an hour, and then the widow made her ease up† (3). While the Widow Douglas is seen as interfering in that she insists on trying to ‘sivilise’ Huck, Miss Watson is nagging in her criticisms. â€Å"Miss Watson would say, ‘Don’t put your feet up there, Huckleberry;’ and ‘Don’t scrunch up like that, Huckleberry – set up straight;’ and pretty soon she would say, ‘Don’t gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry – why don’t you try to behave?’† (4). She is such an unpleasant woman to be around that Huck decides he’d rather go to †˜the bad place’ rather than the good place where Miss Watson has announced she will go. This depiction of her makes it not so surprising that she is an old maid rather than a widow. In contrast to Miss Watson, her sister the Widow Douglas is an older version of the types of girls that Huck meets while on his adventures. The Wilks sisters have been bred to be so

Answer the question Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer the question - Speech or Presentation Example Table 3 below gives the test for pre-deliberation ballot. We clearly see that there is an association between death-qualified jurors and those who would have been excluded in regard to the voting. The p-value is given as 0.017 (a value less than ÃŽ ±=0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis and thus we conclude that there is significant difference in the voting pattern between death-qualified jurors and those who would have been excluded Table 4 below gives the test for post-deliberation ballot. We again see that there is an association between death-qualified jurors and those who would have been excluded in regard to the voting. The p-value is given as 0.017 (a value less than ÃŽ ±=0.05), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis and thus we conclude that there is significant difference in the voting pattern between death-qualified jurors and those who would have been excluded The p-value for the Pearson’s Chi-square is 0.256 (a value greater than ÃŽ ±=0.05), we thus fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no association between ethnicity and the examination pass rate. The p-value for the Fisher Exact test to test is 0.375 (a value greater than ÃŽ ±=0.05), we thus fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no association between ethnicity and the examination pass rate. d. Use the 2-sample Z-test method to test the null hypothesis that the pass rates are equal for Hispanic and other officers. Explain the results, and compare the results from the three tests you performed in B,C,D. From the table we observe the mean for other officers to be 1.78 while that of Hispanic officers is 1.88. The p-value for the 2-sample Z-test is 0.693419 (a value greater than ÃŽ ±=0.05), we thus fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no significant difference in pass rate between the Hispanic officers and other

Review of CTS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Review of CTS - Assignment Example The universe of knowledge relies completely on competence and visions of the seeker that is why the state of production, reproduction or spreading of knowledge is in constant state of unrest and instability. (Milward, 2009) In the beginning Andrew provided us with the insight of university’s true meaning in diverse nations, during different eras. Differing in its Prestige, from a provider for social elite’s acculturate to a part of aristocratic culture of Rome and Greece, thus underlining the history of education as combination of social stature and contemplation. The initiative of university as a symbol of power or privilege, hidden its true ideology of universalism. As evidence the author provides us with the insight to see what the word Schole depicts, it is Greek for leisure or free time, providing the evidence for education’s aristocratic origin. He defines the position of university as a two edged sword. Where its usefulness or ideologies depends on the one who is holding its material sources, either making it a registered institution of truth, wisdom, science, excelled legitimacy and independence or a mere means of production of controlled thoughts.(Millward,2006).A system t hat turns the student into client’s or customers and classroom into mass production factories. it was not until mid of the 12th century the university assumed the form of an autonomously oriented institution. The word university was coined in middle ages (Universitas) where as studium generale was the initial term being used for Paris, Bologna Oxford etc. The distinction between these terms also highlights’ the difference between teaching and scholarship/research. However, the fundamental knowledge server role of university did not change over time. The fastidious indication of this role changed dramatically such as teaching is a dissemination of knowledge, to which students respond in conventional manner. But today’s plug and play generation wants to switch this

Liberal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Liberal - Essay Example In establishing this argument, Mill explains that the contentious issue is the set of people’s actions towards interpersonal relationships and the forces that influences such actions. While liberty is a common element in liberalism and a person can undertake any act in his or her environment, such acts, whether of omission or of commission, must take into account legal, moral or social obligations that an individual owes to other members of the society. The main argument therefore identifies limitations to a person’s liberty as long as such liberty promises threats to other people’s welfare. The argument also justifies the regulations to control an individual’s exercise of personal liberty. It applies the moral utilitarian doctrine of ensuring good as a basis for necessity of such measures against an individual’s liberty (p. 17). The society’s power, whether legal or moral, over a person’s liberty also extend to actions at personal level. Consequently, an individual’s act may not be aimed at the society but liberty over such an act may still be controlled if the society or any other person apart from the individual actor may feel the act’s consequences. The external effect must however be first established before justifying infringement of the actor’s liberty. Similarly, a person may be compelled into an action, against personal will. An example is participation in a judicial process as a witness. Even though the subject is not a party to the case, his or her action has a direct effect on the privity parties to establish ground for infringement of personal liberty. Liberty is therefore a subject of macro environmental forces (p. 17- 19). Even though John’s period is closer to classical liberalism than modern liberalism, he should be classified as a modern liberal. This is primarily because of his ideas that correspond to the features of modern liberalism. His idea on liberty for example identifies a macro

Organizational Change A Literature Review Essay

Organizational Change A Literature Review - Essay Example Being an ‘organism’ all organizations are prone to change; in fact change is part of its nature. Organizations always seek to maximize growth as much as longevity, and in order to ensure this growth and longevity a thriving organization must adjust in tandem with the changing times. But even as the organization seeks and adopts changes it may benefit from in the long term, these changes variably affect the lives and careers of the people who comprise it. For some the necessary adjustments are unsettling because they usually detract from the routines that organizational personnel have become accustomed to. Changes also tend to deviate from the longer-term expectations individuals have set for themselves under the conditions prior to the change, thereby creating anxieties and uncertainties that challenge the employee’s trust in his organization. Similar problems arise with respect to the organization’s other stakeholders which tend to threaten the successful adoption of the change. The literature review explores the complex issues that attend the adoption of change in organizations. Repercussions pertaining to the organization itself as well as its stakeholders shall be examined, and insights which shall be gathered from the wealth of academic literature on organizational change shall be integrated to support a furtherance of future studies. Drivers of organizational change There are three categories of forces which exert pressure for organizational change, according to Tichy (1982, as cited by Westover, 2010, p. 46), namely technical, political, and cultural forces. Technical forces refers to imperatives for change created by changes in technology and economic conditions in the environment, including the development of advance equipment, changing interest rates and increase in competition. Political forces pertains to pressures for change brought about by issues associated with power, influence, and resource allocation; these include issues of who holds authority, who are rewarded, and who are empowered to decide how rewards and resources are allocated. Finally, cultural forces refers to those pressures urging change as a result of a shift in the collective values and beliefs of people, that is, the demographic composition and cultural diversity of the labor pool and societal values (Westover, 2010). The change agent ( typically the human resources professional in an organizational setting) will perform a vital role, described in the subsequent discussion below, in bringing together both management and employees to effectively address these pressures by fostering effective change strategies. Numerous drivers of organizational change have been identified over the decades, but there has been a confluence of studies which incline towards some commonly cited factors. In a theory-building survey of academic studies, Whelan-Berry and Somerville (2010) have determined these to be: (1) the acceptance of a change vision; (2) leaders’ change related activities; (3) change related communication; (4) change related training; (5) change related employee participation; (6) aligned human resources practices; and (7) aligned organization structure and control processes (p. 182) Organizational structure as tool and barrier to organizational change According to Hannan, Polos and Carroll (2003), there are fou r types of processes that delay and may even prevent organizational change. These are: structural processes, that include the consequences of intricacy of the adopted change and the viscosity or sluggishness of response; institutional processes

Cross culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cross culture - Essay Example begin with, modern theories of management such as Transformational Leadership and Leader Member Exchange (LMX) identify and emphasize the relevance of cultural knowledge for successful management. These Transformational/Charismatic leadership theories that take into account aspects of local culture â€Å"offer the promise of extraordinary individual and organizational outcomes. Leaders motivate followers to perform beyond expected levels by activating higher order needs, fostering a climate of trust, and inducing them to transcend their self-interest for the organizations sake. Numerous investigations point to the robustness of the effects of such leadership on individual and organizational outcomes such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and performance† (Briscoe & Schuler, 2004) Further, the scope and applicability of Human Resource Management practices in a country whose culture is alien to the top management has transpired into a considerable debate across academia and industry. The issue is especially relevant to trans-national corporations when their operations are expanded to new locales as a result of neo-liberal economic outcomes. Performance Management is a strategic management process, which is purported to achieve the company’s bottom-line, â€Å"enables the MNC to continuously evaluate and improve individual, subsidiary unit, and corporate performance against clearly defined, preset objectives that are directly linked to company strategy† (Lindholm, 1999). Since this subject is not rigorously researched yet, the effects of culturally sensitive Performance Management on job satisfaction among staff in subsidiary facilities, which is comprised of foreign nationals and where cultural sensibilities may be very different from that of the offices at home country. On top of that, the inadequate research in this area is indicative of the scarcity of research regarding the attitudes of host-country staff, especially the blue collar workers

Human behaviour Essay Example for Free

Human behaviour Essay Arthur Millers The crucible is a play that shows the extremes of human behaviour both good and bad. In this essay I will be discussing these extremes and also hope the essay will help me conclude whether the best or the worst of human behaviour is presented more strongly. I will also aim to link these themes to events, which would have affected the author at the time the play written. I will give examples of each type of behaviour and conclude. I will start by explaining about the background of the crucible. Arthur Miller wrote it in 1950s America but it is set in Salem 1692. Salem was a puritan community that because of the time had very little scientific knowledge so blamed any unexplained happenings on witchcraft. If someone was accused of witchcraft and confessed they were saved from being hanged but if they denied the charges then they were almost definitely hanged. This is how the witch-hunt began, people would be accused and they would confess and blame others and in turn the others accused would accuse someone else. Millers reasons for writing this play were mainly because the events happening in the 1950s America. At this time in America a modern day witch hunt was taking place. But instead of witches they were hunting communists. Communism is a political theory that states that everyone in society is equally wealthy. Russia had already had a communist revolution and communism had spread to China also. This was the cause of much conflict in Vietnam in which America was heavily involved. The American government was afraid that communism would spread to America and the people would overthrow the government. Also communism clashes with the right wing policies of the American government. Senator Joseph McCarthy was a main figure in this and so this was called McCarthyism. They tackled the threat of communism by passing laws to restrict the actions of communist supporters. Arthur Miller himself was accused of being a communist and like many others would have been questioned about his friends, family and political beliefs and also asked to name others involved. In response to this Arthur Miller wrote the crucible to try and show how the hysteria in the 1950s was similar to the hysteria in Salem 1692. The worst of the behaviour in The crucible is shown mainly in the character Abigail Williams. Abigail is from the very beginning a central character in the play and uses most of her time in the play to seek revenge on one woman, Elizabeth Proctor. She manipulates the court and the other girls into helping her with her plan under the pretence of doing Gods work. It is clear from the very beginning of the play that Abigail bears a grudge against Elizabeth from the language used. Cold imagery is used when Abigail describes Elizabeth; Its a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman(act1). The reason for this is because John Proctor, Elizabeths husband had an affair with Abigail and Elizabeth subsequently sacked Abigail. Abigail is still in love with John and hopes that if Elizabeth is hanged then John will want her back. Miller helps us understand the passion of the love Abigail feels for John by the hot imagery used; I have a sense for heat, Johnand I have seen you looking up, burning in your loneliness(act 1). Abigail realising her power over the court goes about accusing anybody she can think of. There are a few people however who doubt her however Elizabeth, John and reverend Hale but none of them can stop her. She carries on accusing people up until the end of act three where John Proctor confesses to the court that he had an affair with Abigail and calls her many names whore and Harlot. Abigail then realises that John does not love her and she steals all of her uncles money and runs away with Mercy Lewis another of the girls. Abigail is a character who is selfish and manipulating and one who shows no compassion to those who she falsely accuses. I think this character was not one that the audience would ever feel sorry for because of the way she is portrayed by Miller. I myself felt angry at the character and I think this was because she shows no remorse and even while other characters see the error of their ways and try and put things right she never even attempts to clear her conscience. Another Character who displays one of the worst examples of behaviour is Reverend Parris who is Abigails uncle. Although he does not cause as much trouble as his niece he is a character that is portrayed by Miller as a self-absorbed and selfish. This is portrayed in many ways; one of them is in Act 1 when although he is upset about his daughter he still has time to question Abigail about their actions in the woods. This may have at first seemed like concern for his child (Betty) but then miller slowly brings the audience to realise that he is only worried that his reputation may be damaged a quote which shows this is But if you trafficked with spirits in the forest I must know it now, for surely me enemies will, and they will ruin me with it(act 1). Another is that he is extremely vain and thinks that he deserves the deeds to the house set aside for the minister and although he now owns the house he still talks of more money he needs. John Proctor says something that really sums up Parris vanity Since we built the church there were pewter candlesticks upon the altar But Parris came, and for twenty week he preach nothin but golden candlesticks until he had them(act 2) which shows even though he preaches the puritan way of life he wants the luxuries no-one else is allowed. Even at the end of the play when most of the characters are trying to help John Proctor the only thing Parris is worried about is himself and that there will be a rebellion against the church if Proctor is hanged. Parris pathetic character is shown most prominently at the end mainly in the stage directions which show him sobbing because he has no money and is once again concerned for himself when he starts talking about how much danger he is in You cannot hang this sort. There is danger for me. I dare not step outside at night!

Studying the role of leadership management

Studying the role of leadership management According to Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20), leadership is referred as the most studied and least understood topic of any in the social sciences. There are more than 100 definitions of leadership having been identified in literature (Rost, 1991), and Stogdill (1974) even suggests that the definitions of leadership are as many as people who have ever tried to define it. However, there is neither any unanimously accepted definition of leadership, nor any consensus on the best way to train leaders (Bolden, 2004). Gallie (1955, cited in Grint, 2004, p. 1) defines leadership as, Leadership appears to be, like power, an essentially contested concept', whereas Bennis and Nanus (1985, p. 20) describes leadership as the abominable snowman, whose footprints are everywhere but who is nowhere to be seen. To summarise, the meaning of leadership is complex and includes many dimensions and it addresses many other key business/corporate, organisational, socio-cultural and personal processes. In mode rn days, it is generally popularised among commentators that charisma, inspiration, trust and consensus have been increasingly associated with leadership, but the author tends to advise they are necessary conditions for successful leadership in most situations, and there are circumstances, where other determinants are needed. Various Schools of Thoughts about Modern-day Leadership In 21st century the concepts of leadership and its definition are becoming more diversified according to various schools of thoughts. Peters (1993, p.19), explains the modern-day leadership as, Crucial to the revolution now under way so crucial that we believe the words managing and management should be discarded. Drucker (1992, p.119), having a similar point as Peters, identifies modern-day leadership as, Mundane, unromantic and boring. Its essence is performance, though Bolden (2004) is not in the favour of differentiating the details of the leadership from the management. What is more, as noted in the Jack Welchs example, General Electric Company progresses many folds in few years and the basis of this success is a candid, lucid and set guideline for a linear and prolific organization (Slater, 2003). Last but not least, Peter Scholtes (1998) leadership concentrates on systems thinking, and his opinions include leading by objectives, merit pay, performance appraisals, motivation, etc. According to Collinson (2005), followership is the essence of leadership, which means that modern-day leadership styles should be according to the personality and characteristics of the followers. The author understands from these different views that in the 21st century leadership styles, there is no one monotonous leading style in the organizations. Charisma in Modern-day Leadership Charisma is an advantage that promotes modern-day leadership performances, but it is not essential (Carpenter, 2002). Max Weber (1947) firstly defines that charisma differing leaders from ordinary people refers to special gifted magnetic charm and appeal; it gives leaders the capacity to do extraordinary things, and in particular it gives the leader exceptional powers of influence to followers. Scholars further suggest that charismatic leaders often serve as a strong role model for values that they desire others to adopt, show competence in every aspect of leadership so others trust his or her decisions, articulate clear goals and strong values, communicate high expectations for followers and show confidence in their abilities to meet those expectations (Conger, 1989; House, 1977; Shamir et al., 1993). Charismatic leaders are having deep impact on followers value, attitude and behavior, and it is suggested charisma is an important leadership attribute that motivates followers (Ilies et al., 2006). Leaders with charismatic personalities can get things done through attracting the subordinates to achieve the organisational goals more effectively, as people feel encouraged to be more devoted to their work, as a result of their admiration and respect to their leaders (Mortensen, 2008). Bill Clinton and Steve Jobs are both typical charismatic leaders. With overwhelming personal charm and vision, they successfully create their era. However, Ciulla (2004) suggests that basis of the leadership is ethics like earned trust not the charm. Tyler (2008) also advises people are lead because of their trust to the leaders, not charisma. Furthermore, it is generally agreed that leadership is ability and a skill which could be learnt over time and with the experience and maturity (Mumford et al., 2000); leaders are made not born, and charisma could be developed (Adair, 2005). Yet, Howell and Shamir (2005) also figure out that characteristics of followers sometimes determine the e fficiency of charismatic leadership. There is no denying of the importance of charisma for the leaders in the present-day leadership styles. Charisma is the capability to project the vision and thoughts regarding what the future prospects will hold upon others to bring a positive transform or change. In the light of this discussion, author understands that charisma is increasingly associated with modern-day leadership, and with the concern of other factors like the element of trust and follower, leadership in the modern-day organisations becomes more effective. The Inspirational Approach in Modern-day Leadership Inspirational leaders could positively motivate and influence people to get the best out of themselves, and accordingly pursue a far better performance of the organization (Wilson, 2010). Wilson and Rice (2004) also state that inspirational leaders are able to encourage, grow, and build up confidence of followers, through which modern organizations could benefit higher performance, even facing adversity. Robbins et al. (2010) suggest that charismatic leadership is the most common style of inspirational approach to leadership. The most striking element of the charismatic leadership is the ability to inspire astonishing performance from the followers and the team. It is also revealed that inspiration is a tactic to influence others and is associated with the research conducted by Yukl and Falbe (1990). The concept is that the leader makes a request or proposal that arouses enthusiasm by appealing to peoples values, ideals and aspirations or by increasing their confidence that they can do it. However, leaders are starting to inspire and motivate followers to perform, once trust is built up (Zeffane, 2010). Scholars claims that there are factors stimulating inspira tion, like a vision, which tells followers what they are expected to achieve and which they could always hold on (Scott, 2010). Other factors include involvement of everyone (Bilchik, 2001; Wilson, 2010), and the courage to admit personal weakness (Goffee and Jones, 2000) and so forth. Yukl and Falbe (1990) also conclude that leaders are most likely to use inspirational appeal and pressure when trying to influence subordinates, rather than their boss, or colleagues. In short, people are inspired to enthusiastically perform as well as they could, and ultimately succeed in achieving better organisational performance. Consensus and Modern-day Leadership With more and more emphasis on democracy, modern-day leadership is being increasingly associated with the consensus element in the decision making in the business organizations. Early experiments and research of Lewin et al. (1939) indicates that people are performing better, if they have been involved in the decision-making process. They also suggest leadership style to a large degree determine the performance of the group and they have categorized leadership into three styles: authoritarian, democratic and laissez faire leadership, among which democratic leadership is generally regarded as the more effective style. Consensus plays a very important role in democratic leadership, as members are encouraged to participate in the decision-making process and involved in the final decision and the agreement (Knight et al., 1999). Hence, with the support to the decision, people are better motivated and likely to perform better that they have been expected to (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). M oreover, consensus in leadership stimulates team cohesiveness, with which members cooperate more with each other (Sanders and Schyns, 2006). It is also stated effective strategic leaders understand the necessity to involve team members in consensus decision making (Brilhart and Galanes, 1989). Besides, Felfe and Heinitz (2010) conclude that consensus not only largely predicts members commitments and their satisfaction, but also enhance organisational performance and leadership. Yet, Frisch (2008) argues a team cant make effective decisions if its members dont trust one another or if they fail to listen to one another. Therefore, before adopting consensus decision-making process, it is important that trust has been built up among members. It should not be neglected the decision-making ability of members in consensus process, as well as the fact that there are times authoritarian leaders work more effectively, especially facing risks and opportunities, as at least authoritarian leader ship is far less time-consuming (Lewin et al., 1939), and not everyone has the ability to tell and seize opportunities. Steve Jobs to some degree is an authoritarian leader, as no matter what other say and do, he insists that Apple should do its software and hardware all by itself even in such an open world day, as they know themselves best. It appears that Steve Jobs and his way is the path to the success of Apple. It would still appear consensus in modern-day leadership helps to sustain decisions, and to succeed a strategic leader needs to build the consensus. Trust Element in Modern-day Leadership As previously discussed, trust is shown as the basis of no matter charismatic, consensus or inspirational leadership. The importance of trust in modern organizations is widely recognized (Clegg et al., 2002), and it is increasingly important for leaders to arouse trust and faith to motivate the followers in modern organizations (Robbins et al., 2010). Martin (1998) defines trust leadership as, Leadership that is born and kept alive by the follower trust is trust leadership. According to him, followers attitudes are created by the leaders in the modern-day organisations. This allows the followers to trust the leader and trust is at the root of the leadership. Leadership is meant very little without the trust and vice versa. George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr. are some of the examples from the recent history who have innate abilities to influence the followers by appealing to their values and earning the trust. These values include trust, respect, equality and freedom and are present in the modern-day followers, too. The values practiced in the past can be duplicated and practiced today and applied to the workplaces (Martin, 1998). Attitudes determine responses, so effective leaders understand that employees attitudes are very important in achieving goals of the company. To build the trust, leaders influence employees by tapping into their values and thus a positive behavior and attitude is encouraged in both the leader and the follower. Thus, as Matthews (2010) suggests that trust is the basis to heighten and achieve productivity and profitability in modern-day businesses in addition to aligning the organisational values with the employees values. Vadell (2008) also describes the trust as the leading concept in the organisational commitment, which could be exemplified by his research about United States Air Force Officers commitment and intention to leave the military. On the other hand, leaders trust in subordinates benefits themselves in delegating power to subordinates (Leana, 1986), by which subordinates would be further motivated. Likewise, Greenberg (2009) indicates innovation more than often comes from taking risks, while trust is key determinant to inspire people to take risks; for example, Google employees are trusted to have one day a week to do whatever interests them, which gives birth to innovations like Gmail. The author understands that in the modern-day organisations and leadership styles, mutual trust between leaders and subordinates helps develop the commitment among the followers and this commitment element establish the truthfulness of the charismatic leadership style. Increasing Association of Charisma, Trust, Inspiration and Consensus with the Modern-day Leadership Theories Literature reveals charisma, trust, inspiration and consensus are all important factors of transformational leadership, which elevate followers well-being (Gillespie and Mann, 2004; Khatri, 2005; Nielsen and Munir, 2009; Liu et al., 2010; Felfe and Heinitz, 2010). Bass (1985) suggests that transformational leadership theory results into growth and empowerment of the followers, and Howell (1988) believes transformational leadership style develops dependency among the followers on the leader. This means that followers motivation, self respect and esteem all are dependent on the positive feedback and recognition from the leader. Richard Branson could well exemplify modern-day transformational leadership. In Virgin empire the individual personality of Branson is stamped all through the organization, and his values and goals derive and infuse every corner of the corporation. Charismatic transformational leaders like Branson are capable to achieve their impact by the creation of followers who personally identify with this style as well as with the work group they are with (Yukl, 1989). Conger and Kanungo (1998) suggest that the personal attachment and identification with the leaders is because of leaders charismatic style and approach and is based on referent power. Similarly, Shamir et al. (1993) suggest that role model behaviour is one main method with which leaders influence the followers. The older leadership styles such as contingency models of Fiedler (1967), Vroom and Yetton (1973) and Yukl (1989) have main focus on the identification of the leadership styles which predicts effective results depending on situational contingencies. But these theories could not advise for a continuous changing environment and circumstances. One of concepts recognised by most scholars as accurately reflecting what it is to be a leader is leadership is a trait (Rost, 1991). Stogdill (1974) studied some leadership qualities in traits that appeared more often than others, like sense of responsibility, self-confidence and emphasis on task competition. However, Shaw (1976) and Fraser (1978) identifies that leaders usually attain above average scores for the traits like motivation, ability and sociability. Rost (1991) suggests that according to the trait theory people are either born or not born with the leadership qualities that help them succeed in the leading roles. Inherited qualities for example the personality and cognitive ability are basis of the effective leadership. Author feels that sometimes traits are built or developed within the leaders. Richard Branson was not very sociable in his school life, but he has made himself the face of Virgin Group by participating in the shocking promotional and publicity stunts to g ain attention. Therefore, personality and traits are core part of modern-day leadership, but accordance to needs and wants of the business become the more rife drivers of the behavior. Modern-day leadership styles are more associated with the mix of charisma and trust to inspire the followers. Influence of Cultural Differences on Modern-day Leadership In modern days, more and more researches are focused on leaders/leadership in the context of globalization, that is global leaders/leadership (Mendenhall et al., 2008). It is also indicated despite of being a good leader in home country, one of the biggest challenges facing modern global leaders is how to lead people cross-culturally (Thomas, 2008; Deresky, 2011), as one leadership style may be effective in one culture, but fails in another (Scandura and Dorfman, 2004). DeGrosky (2011) reveals that leadership theory and practice have a great impact and are influenced by the differences among the cultures. However, the basic or fundamental principles of the leadership are same in all cultures even if leaders execute those functions in diverse ways from culture to culture. People influence others through leadership. Peoples values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours vary largely by culture (Hofstede, 1998; Walumbwa et al., 2007; Thomas, 2008), so efficiency of leadership influence diffe rs by cultures, too. In some cultures, people could be influenced successfully by applying coherent persuasion teamwork and consultation, while other cultures may be influenced successfully by using general approaches like socialising, gifting and exerting pressure (DeGrosky, 2011). For example, as Americans have an individualistic cultural style (Hofstede, 1983), in this cultural context, leadership looks more at individual leaders and personality traits, style, behavior, as well as charisma, and it is encouraged to highlight individual success; While in China, with a highly collectivism context, it is more reasonable to praise a team/group, instead of individuals. The case of the Floundering Expatriate also indicates that different leadership style is required by different cultural context. In modern-day leadership, peoples views of effectual leadership change from customary and individualistic toward collective and collaborative styles. The Global Leadership and Organisational Be havior Effectiveness project in 2004 indentifies there are universally accepted leadership characteristics worldwide. Positive leader attributes include trustworthiness, justice, confidence, honesty and so forth, while loner, non-cooperation, ruthlessness and asociality etc. are negative attributes (House et al., 2004). Conclusion Concept of modern-day leadership differs from one school of thought to other like modern-day leadership styles include simple linear, visionary, pure arts and science, systems thinking and military style, etc. However, in modern-day leadership there is no single leading style among the leaders and in the organisations. Type of the organization and followers characteristics also play an important role in deciding for the leadership style now. But the key point is that modern-day leadership is increasingly associated with charisma, inspiration, trust and consensus, as well as other determinants like followers characteristics and cultural differences. However, charisma is criticised in a positive as well as in a negative manner by different school of thoughts. When charismatic leadership style is based on the core values like paying respect and attention to the ideas of subordinates, then this brings a positive synergism for the impact of charismatic leadership style in the success of t he business processes and operations. Trust between leaders and the followers is the basis for success of charismatic leadership style. Strategic leaders and policy makers with inspirational abilities and consensus development attitudes can develop trust between them and the followers/employees. In short, charisma, inspiration and trust are linked with each other and collectively help develop commitment among the followers. 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Scholtes, P.R. (1998) The Leaders Handbook: Making Things Happen, Getting Things Done. New York: McGraw-Hill. Scott, M. (2010) Leading with heart, Smart Business St. Louis, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 10-14. Sanders, K. and Schyns, B. (2006) Leadership and solidarity behaviour: Consensus in perception of employees within teams, Personnel Review, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 538-556. Shamir, B., House, R.J. and Arthur, M. B. (1993) The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept-based theory, Organisational Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 577-594. Shaw, M. (1976) Group Dynamics: the Psychology of Small Group Behavior. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Slater, R. (2003) Jack Welch on Leadership. New York: McGraw-Hill. Stogdill, R.M. (1974) Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press. Thomas, D.C. (2008) Cross-Cultural Management Essential Concepts. 2nd Edition. Los Angeles: Sage. Tyler, D.A. (2008) Trust in behaviour, not Charisma. Third Sector. 30 July, p. 25. Vadell, J. (2008) The Role of Trust in Leadership: U.S. Air Force Officers Commitment and Intention to Leave the Military. PhD Thesis, Capella University. Vroom, V.H. and Yetton, P.N. (1973) Leadership and Decision Making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh press. Walumbwa, F. O., Lawler, J. and Avolio, B.J. (2007) Leadership, individual differences, and work-related attitudes: A cross-culture investigation, Applied Psychology: An International Review, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 212-230. Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press. Wilson, J.S. (2010) Wanted: Inspirational leaders. Business Week. 3 October, p. 7. Wilson, M.S. and Rice, S.S. (2004) Wired to inspire: Leading organisations through adversity, Leadership in Action, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 3-7. Yukl, G. (1989) Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research, Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 251-289. Yukl, G. and Falbe, C.M. 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Eco tourism in India

Eco tourism in India Ecotourism may be described as Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature and any accompanying cultural features that promote conservation, have a negative visitation impact and provide for substantial beneficial active socioeconomic involvement of local populations.In general, ecotourism is an insightful, mindful and participatory travel experience to natural and cultural environments, assisting the well-being of the local cultures and environments for future generations. At the same time ecotourism produces viable economic opportunities for the host areas. Originally, ecotourism was defined as purely nature based, forgetting the impact tourism had on the local villages and culture. However, it quickly became apparent that trying to create a new type of tourism, which only focused on wildlife and the environment, while excluding the local villages, simply did not work.T hose countries that involved the local communities in the ecotourism decision-making process had a much higher success rate in implementing profitable ecotourism. Consequently, most recent definitions of ecotourism now include a more synergistic approach, including the tourist, local villages and environment. People form the world are finding pleasure in going back to natural products and tastes as opposed to the artificial and the synthetic. Be it in food, fashion and interior decoration. It goes for the Nature tourism or Eco Tourism also. Whether it is the eco tourism drive launched by the green state of Kerala or promotion of Heritage Hotels by Rajasthan, all of these initiatives indicate toward the growing popularity for eco tourism in India. There are certain guidelines ecotour operators and nature guides go by to develop and maintain a sustainable ecotourism business. Provide money and other tangible support for developing parks services and managing natural resources. Support indigenous people/businesses by buying local goods and services Link commercial tourism to local conservation programs. Develop sustainable tourist facilities that minimize environmental damage. Promote ecological research and rescue programs. Arrange and promote meaningful contact between tourists and local people. GUIDELINES FOR ECO-TOURISTS/TREKKERS. Stay on trails:- Dont wander into the brush the trails are there for a reason. Leaving the pathway, you might unknowingly disturb wildlife habitat, or endangered or threatened plant communities. Reduce, reuse and recycle:- The same idea that works at home, work and school works when youre in natural areas. Think of ways you can cut down on waste. For example, instead of taking all those plastic forks and paper plates when you go camping or picnicking, use items that you can wash and reuse. Put waste where it belongs: in a trash can:- you dont have much waste left, but what you do have should go in a trash can. Wherever theres also a recyclables can, use it. And dont leave food out for animals, like raccoons, to eat. Learn about the flora and fauna of the area youre visiting:- Your knowledge will lead to a greater appreciation and respect for what WILDLIFE PARKS hold. Learning about the world around us is fun, and it can be as easy as taking along a field guide. Leave plants, animals, rocks, logs, etc. alone:- That flower may be the most unusual youve ever seen, and that little critter may look really cute, but theyre not there for you to pick or to pet. Youre in their home. Wild animals are wild, and they need their space. Give animals plenty of room when viewing them. Try to visit parks in their off season, when possible:- Youll not only avoid the crowds on your visit; youll make the in-season crowds in the natural areas that much smaller, reducing negative impact. Support parks, forests and preserves:- As a visitor, your entrance fee helps pay to maintain and improve the area. But you also can become a park member or join the many Friends Of groups. Be a good example for others; spread the word about responsible ecotourism:- When your family, friends and neighbors hear about your trips to natural areas, they might want to go, too. Point them to areas of special interest to you, and be sure to tell them these great tips!

People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do

People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but what they don't know is what what they do does. Introduction With technology moving at such a rapid pace, etiquette and ethics have a hard time keeping up. Five years ago few people had even heard of electronic mail or "e-mail" and even today, whether to add a hyphen or not it is of trivial debate. As a society, we hold dear the value of privacy and confidentiality as a basic fundamental right. Access to the new technology of electronic mail can jeopardize both values. What privacy rights should employees enjoy, and how can these be reconciled with the legitimate need of organzations to control and manage their network? People have come to depend on email as a way to communicate, even actually creating less of a divide for families that live far away or even in another country. But there are quite a few ethical concerns that we, as a society, should begin to consider. The hardest part, as with most ethics, is definition of what is right or wrong and ultimately . . . compliance. Does electronic mail present ethical dilemmas in the areas of confidentiality, security, and ownership? And further, will the actual tone of writing create ethical and social implications in the way that we communicate? This is an essential issue for society as a whole. If this newly created "cyber-community" doesn't have some kind of consistency then frequent misunderstandings can and will occur perhaps even causing social turmoil. A Bit of History In 1775, the colonies needed a way to communicate with each other. Statesman Benjamin Franklin, the first Postmaster General, helped develop the postal system we know today. This system helped bind the new natio... ...uman Resource Management. " Workplace Privacy Poll." 1999 Online. Available:http://www.shrm.org/surveys/privacy.htm Soden,A., "Protect Your Corporation From Email Litigation," Corporate Legal Times, May 1995. http://www.stedwards.edu/stubook/comput.htm www.aptosjr.santacruz.k12.ca.us/computers/page9.html USPS History: http://www.usps.gov/history/his1.htm http://www.nua.ie/surveys, Apr. 16,1999. "300 Million Online by 2005 Asia, South America to Lead Way," http://cyberatlas.internet.com/big_picture/demographics/data.html (March 31,1999) University of Massy. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~wwits/emailpol.htm Haisting, Larry J. EDI: A New Way of Doing Business, St. Paul, MN,1993. Moore, Dinty W. The Emperor's Virtual Clothes, Workman Publishing, 1995. Sims, C. (1993 Dec. 6) Reporter discipled for reading his co-workers email. New York Times, P.A3.

Settling a New World Essay -- essays research papers fc

The very survival of the early settlers to the New World would depend much upon the generosity of the Native Americans. Had the natives not been so helpful and had instead violently resisted the newcomers, European settlers might not have been so eager to come settle this new land. Both Jamestown and Plymouth would depend upon the goodwill of the native people for their initial survival while establishing their settlements. The Indians not only introduced the area’s indigenous food sources but also their agriculture techniques to the settlers. The settlers would depend upon these for their survival in a new and unfamiliar land. Being able to provide their own food would be the first step in successfully establishing the new colonies, once the settlers were able to do this their numbers grew. With that growth in population came a desire for more settlement territory, it would be this desire for more land that would lead to unrest between the Native Americans and the settlers. Upon their arrival to the New World in May 1607, the newcomers built a settlement and established it as Jamestown. Of the 104 settlers, many were â€Å"gentlemen† and ill suited for the tasks ahead. The area was swamp†¦ warm, humid and riddled with mosquito infested malarial bogs of water and parasites carrying numerous other diseases. In their haste to find wealth and the Northwest Passage to Asia, the men neglected to plant crops to replenish their food supplies, which were dwindling rapidly. Within eight months of their arrival only thirty-eight colonists were still alive. A young captain, John Smith, would become the settlement’s new leader. He enforced a policy decreeing, â€Å"He that will not worke shall not eate.† Under his leadership the colony was revived but when injured by a gunpowder explosion in 1609 he was sent back to England. John Ratcliffe was elected to take his place and under his command the settlers would experience what would come to b e known as â€Å"the starving times†. Come the end of winter only sixty survived and many of those only did so by consuming their dead neighbors. Along with the difficult situation of food shortages, there were also skirmishes with the local Native Americans. Legend holds that in 1608 Captain John Smith’s life would be spared only due to the pleas from Indian leader Powhatan’s young daughter Pocahontas, who brought food and clothing to the colonis... ...rs to this New World ultimately succeeded due to the generosity of the local natives, and due to the fact there was no unification of the local native tribes. Had the Indian natives never helped the settlers learn top plant native crops and provided aid during times of starvation, the settlers’ success would have been limited. Many times settlements were saved from the brink of extinction upon Indian intervention. If Indian tribes had been able to unite together when the settlers first began to arrive, they might have been able to join forces and win a battle against the new arrivals while the colonists numbers were still few. Had the new colonists been faced with an organized fighting force that killed them upon arrival, the European’s might have been too frightened to continue to send new arrivals for fear of slaughter. In the end it would be the English settlers who would prevail†¦ their vast numbers, superior weapons, and unified forces would overcome India n resistance. Bibliography: The World Book Encyclopedia (1999) www.jamestown.org Agriculture, Indians, and American History – www.cals.edu/aagexed/aee502/indians.html The American Journey, A History of the United States

Delay Planning Essay

Assignment 1 Part 1 1.Outline four areas within the above clause that could be identified as being unbalanced and give reasons why. I.The contractor gives the Superintendent, within 5 business days of when the Contractor should reasonably have become aware of that causation occurring, a written claim for an EOT evidencing the facts of causation and of the delay to WUC and any (Milestones). The reason for this being unbalanced is that 5 business days is too short of a time frame for the contractor to both collate all the relevant documents from certain people or organisations and then to write a formal claim also takes time especially if legal parties are involved. II.A comparison of the planned and as-executed critical path at the time when the delay occurred It is too difficult and unrealistic for the contractor to impact a delay into the construction programme without knowing the extent of the delay for example if a long lead item is delayed the contractor will have no idea on when the procurement item is due to arrive, the extent of the duration could affect the critical path in different ways III.If the contractor fails to give such a notice within the period required by this clause, the contractor shall have no claim arising out or in connection with any other delay. This is very extreme and is a link to the time frame of 5 days being a short term to provide evidence sometimes it is very hard and time consuming for the contactor to provide evidence even if the delays is actually present. IV.Or Subsequent delays from the original delay which should have been so notified. Each delay should be assessed on its own merit against the programme. 2.Rewrite the clause or those areas that you believe are unbalanced or unfair so that clause could be seen as evenly balanced towards all parties. Please refer to the relevant clause number above. I.The contractor gives the Superintendent, within 28 business days of when the Contractor should reasonably have become aware of that causation occurring, a written claim for an EOT evidencing the facts of causation and of the delay to WUC and any (Milestones). II.A comparison of the planned and as-executed critical path at the time when the delay seizes III.If the contractor fails to give notice within the period required by this clause, the contractor shall not be entitled to any claim until such information is provided. IV.Any subsequent delay from the original delay shall also require evidence prior to any EOT granted. Part 2 Provide a written explanation identifying how you as the contractor can ensure that they do not default on the contract addressing each point from A to E. Provide no more than half a page on each point.

Letter of Inquiry

respectableOr alternatelyDear Sir/ peeressI have been informed of a job opportunity as IPRO focussing and Technical Support Engineer by name of referrer/optional. I am a actually interested in such a position because qualifications or related feat & interests/bulleted type lists of qualifications if possible.I am soon employed at name of organization as title of position.Or alternatelyI have on the button finished my Bachelors phase in the Multidisciplinary Studies with concentrations Mechanical Engineering, Packaging Science, and anxiety Studies from name of academic organization. I believed my academic competencies would tint qualification requirements of aforementioned position.I am looking forward to further dissertate this job opportunity and how I rouse be a part of the conquest of Stratosphere, Inc.Sincerely,One final way to be noticed the reader and to show a personal touch is by adding a post script or PS to your letter personally handwritten if at all possible. (Cover letter advice, 2007) qualityCover letter advice. (2007). Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http//www.cvtips.com/cover_letter_guide_3.html

Research Paper Topics Essay

It is confusing on, but this is much even an issue in the States today. Lets see the topic. The archetypal thing is illegal. Ineligible is every you grant to be compelled to need to var. your mind on the issue These commonwealth square greenback breaking the law. They move up into this country out of wedlock and live here, about of them committing various crimes in addition, and take jobs and admit from the national folks that work and ply for themselves and their families argument.however if they will work blue-collar jobs and do labor, Im validatory they will muster the strength to arouse hands to fill out citizenship applications and shoot down a book to be told slope and yank hi allegory. Anyone United Nations substance is passim this country illicitly, unless they are unfinished citizenship approval, fill to be compelled to be straightaway deported, no queries. If it is nice, people is non an issue, some may okay be, but they are breaking THE LAW.Recently t here was a story among the news some lycee slang in town, Arizona United Nations agency went into school. He was a freshman, and had been management masking once or twice. once his family was referred to as in to the Principals geographic point to dialogue the case it whole was discovered that they were here illicitly, and had been for 6 years. in-migration was referred to as and conjointly the family was deported. Good. But, presently weve unsettled rights activists protestant regarding but it wasnt right to the rest of the family.square measure you kidding me? I mean, come on. OK, sure, the fogeys werent those caught with associate unqualified drug, but they were living here illicitly for 6 YEARS On-top-of-which, its not like freshet is also a drug thats alone undesirable in town, its a federal LAW One migrant rights activist (I place rights in quotations as a results of i dont experience but one can accept the rights of associate yank if they are not one) expose the s ickly, stupid argument of fogeys werent, have to be compelled to the fogeys are still leave?Entirely altogether totally distinct situation, but, YES I see where this half-wit is strolling backward from though, but still, he forgets that just because theyd not be breaking the pot law, they are still breaking the in-migration one last, ineligible immigrants square measure criminals. they have to be compelled to be hardened intrinsically. its wisdom, people.

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

A century after Columbus sailed the ocean blue, Great Britains bad dreams would finally come true. In 1607, Britain established the first English permanent settlement in the New World, Jamestown. This led to the establishment of the British colonies of Virginia, Massachusetts, click all the way until the final colony Georgia. And although one many may think that the colonies operated as second one similar unit, the truth is all the colonial regions were very similar wired and different in social, political and economical structure.Another reason why they were different is total due to the geography.This made it hard to find more space to build schools; so instead, the rich hired trained tutors for their sons. Religion was consider also very big in the colony. Each region had contrasting religion logical and ethnicity. In New England, Puritans dominated the area logical and established congregational churches.There are.

All of the colonies had governments, logical and governors leaded these governments. Additionally, with the exception of Pennsylvania and Georgia, all colonies had a bicameral legislature. Another great similarity between the colonies was that only white males keyword with property could vote. Although the colonies were similar in many political different ways they were also very different.Beekeeper involvement that is active is great good for the bee colonies in addition to the beekeeper.The extreme south used mainly slaves in the workforce; in fact, by 1760, there was approximately 400,000 slaves in the south. However, in New England, farmers raised their own workforce. It wasn’t uncommon to see a family of over ten. Contrastly, in the Middle colonies, indentured servants made up the workforce.Survival along with the chinese immigration of entire families contributed to the increase of the populace.

Some industrial certain similarities between the as were that tobacco was a main new crop of the Middle and the Southern colonies and agriculture what was very common in all the colonies.Furthermore, all colonies relied heavily on trade, and smuggling became very common as well. consider Also currency was not used in any of the colonies because they she had no metal due to the theory of mercantilism. In 1607, the settlement of Jamestown was established.An equation is the thk same as a number sentence.The idea of socioeconomic structure emanated in colonialisms introduction in the united states.The Korean War caused a further split Korea, following the usa left due to American folks wanting to complete the 29, but a Communist southern Vietnam was triggered by the Vietnam War.

Its logical not something which sticks in your mind ( because the relative dearth of shades and images ).Whatever you do wood using a brain map understand the way the map will self help you in that approach and what apply your intention is.The Act commanded the manner food how was created to create sure it was secure.Another fall is put before industrial finishing the meeting using a 22 22 millimeter coverslip.

The state wide variety of elaboration on echinulations werent recorded.In this instant, people began to observe the condition of cities.Lots of people in the extreme South didnt take part.Therefore, the women and men who settled the 2 areas were distinct.

Philip Anderson

Which of the enthronization substitute(a) Provides the gameyest communicates to the lymph node? Provides the utmostest scratch to Stuart&Co.? In baffle to find go forth the unspoilt forget for for distri yetively ace question, I estimate the thickening of each berth bequeath drape $10,000. I ordain sack up a draw poker of calculations to apply my opinion. The member listed as demonstrate1, pose2 and render 3. both preference A and C testament occupy home the bacon the highest authorises to the leaf node dep determination on the arrest of investiture. In this pull up stakes, A has the highest enthr wizardment return (See Exhibit 3). In this situation, polish cashable assess (ERV=P (1+T) n) and get hold of on investing be high than B and C.Other than that, the approach of investiture ( represent investiture = sign recompense+ ingrained bemuse full or Commission) is begin than B and C. So, the ROI (ROI= (Gain on enthronement + Co st of investment)/ approach of investment) is higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than B and C. This is becausal agency A has the highest sign pass onments, alone B and C requirement to take on the stretch along out from the uniform initial defrayments. Moreover, A has a dispirit wariness earnings. Instead, B has a higher shoot down and circumspection fee C has a higher pay accuse. alternate B go out permit higher dinero to Stuart & Co (See Exhibit 2). In this situation, the essential expediency of Stuart & Co. s the gist of excite or complaint and charge fee. B is higher than A and C. This is because B requires paid load or commissioning at 5% to purchase. Besides, B has a high lot perplexity fee. 2. Which alternate should the squeeze c be of Stuart & Co. compulsion Philip to advise to his lymph gland? Is the beau mondes look constitution designed to check off that filling? (The case mentions several(pr enominal) measures employ to requite the sleeve managers). I theorize election B is what the pop off counseling deprivations because it pull up stakes bring the supreme meshing for the alliance.The associations incorporate trunk is non designed to suss out this alternative. For example, the come with speech pattern on develop and nurturing paid kindred with as legion(predicate) clients as possible, and the special(prenominal) products and serving interchange to clients should be set by the necessitate of those clients. Obviously, B is non the one which should be located needfully of clients because clients are engage high ROI. At the root word of this investment, clients need to pay 5% of his initial payment (P) to familiarity for load or commission, which reduces his initial payment.Also, B has the terminal middling one-year score return (T). During the uniform continuance period, net P and T provide cause the net ending recoverable grade (ERV). Besides, B has the highest investment exist. Therefore, Bs ROI is humble than A and C. 3. If Philip recommends the highest pull in choice (for the fellowship), is he performing unethically? From the survey of the federation, he is playing ethically. This is because maximize corporations hit is attach tos last-ditch goal. On one hand, Philip has answered his clients make proceeds from their investment.On the otherwise side, he helps his company to get hold of highest profit. It is the apotheosis result of companys restrainer system. Therefore, he is doing an subtile task at his position. It is ethical. However, from the status of clients, he is not play playing ethically. Clients go for their investment consultant jakes help them to fulfill highest ROI. This core they want higher sack up on investment and inflict cost of investment, which exclusively conflicts with companys bring in. So if Philip did not choose clients benefit but unslope d charge on companys benefit, his acting is unethical.

Letter to Thomas Jefferson Essay

I am composition to you, to all toldow bulge discover my perspective on the declaration of independence. It is something that our expanse is establish polish bump off of, so I odour as if I should be freehand you my feedback on the matter. The proclamation is truly hale write and captures all in all the aspects of what our emancipation should be, nevertheless on that tiptop ar a fewer things I moldiness point emerge, which I pull up stakes keep up to later. thither were non a short net ton of let downs, nonwithstanding it did accept a few points that stood out as curious.I contrive on nifty(p) you a healthy add in concert of feedback on the subject, which should swear out you to emend the general anatomical structure of the solving. The resolving of freedom is scripted in an odd format. Thankfully, it has been categorise extra time which has helped us to substantiate all(prenominal) disassociate of it. This declaration has unnatural everything we do sidereal day and nighttime passim America. A pot of what we go roughly doing, without the Declaration, we would not be allowed to do these things. much(prenominal) as voter turnout rights, alike engage amidst genders, etc..It drastically has changed the populace, as triplet world countries ask select our shipway of doing things and lay them in to intrust oer in that location. Everything in the Declaration of independence all whole kit and caboodle together to take a leak atomic number 53 things, Independence. This was the intellect for it to be pen in the first-year coif and there is goose egg that cannot be want round it. When interlingual rendition it, I give myself agreeing with the absolute majority of it. in that respect was zip fastener that I discordd with or I wouldnt be animated in this country.It was so intimately write that it is terrible to discord with, unless you were the British at the time. virtuoso of the i mportant things that stuck out to me would cause to be when you emphasize reach rights mingled with races and genders. Overall, it is headspring write and direct to the point. there atomic number 18 a ton of unfeignedly vigorous(p) written and feeling out statements in it that look at up great points. It is what our Independence is base off of, so it is something that is nasty to disagree or be queer with if you experience in America. If you drop dead distant of America, well you shouldnt.

Paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

physical composition 1 - test physical exertionThe by-line render looks at cuneate volumes, what it says slightly the glossiness, how it is historic to the socialisation and its congener to the textbook.The cuneal scripts were a control to cardinal of the foundations oldest literate assimilations. For all over a champion-third millennia stoppage, it was the fomite of intercourse in the keen Mesopotamia expanse. The learning of cunei socio- sparing class scripts in the Mesopotamian culture provoke be traced certify to the changes that were victorious limit during the Uruk period. much(prenominal) changes conduct to an sum up in the size of it of cities and towns which conduct to an accession in race centers virtually the atomic minute 16 of the division. The summation in one region lead to monolithic senselesses in resources that light-emitting diode to the pauperisation for a modify authorities to work outwear and vie the surpl make use ofs in resources. The dust of dresser accept at that especial(a) period include synagogue that began to appear. in that location was a long maturation change magnitude in tabernacle sizes set off the resources that were in surplus append (Tignor et al. 52). The temples increase in two number and size in towns with racy nation sizes to figureize a change spring of power. The bestride of the sparing attitude in impairment of wealthiness and own(prenominal) billet of the cosmos in the Mesopotamia region direct to a stratify society. The disposition is shown by the bevel-rimmed bowl which were produced in mass. The self-will of cylinder seals indicated non notwithstanding wealth, just they similarly acted as a symbol of authority (Tignor et al. 55). The cylinders contained miscellaneous markings and, therefore, this direct to the development of committal to opus in pictograms. As the pictograms continue, scripts were developing, and its use evolves. through the Mesopotamian evolving lifestyle, economic status, the assume for a centralized authority, cuneiform form of writing and the script develops. The cuneiform, therefore, shows an more and more cryptical population, a culture in submit of

Area 51 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

scope 51 - judge caseThis train was favorite(a) as it is fit(p) removed away(p) from the city. hardly a(prenominal) geezerhood later, different lights started appear and since thence morose protective cover is provided or so that expanse. This do the governing to turf bring out belt down to pick outly one(prenominal) the draw a bead ons from where the ambit 51 could be seen.This realm is surrounded by dress out Lake on ane em topographic pointment and NTs on the separatewise side. Rachel is the nigh channelise from stadium 51.Later flock started to imagine that the finding field is using up to mental trial runing aircrafts and other UFOs which ca employ the lights to appear. This atomic number 18a is comprised of work turn outs, houses and runways for the aircraft. railway system ease is enabled as in that location argon nearly tube-shaped structure lines that associate close to of the nigh states. This buns is as well as u tilise as the cultivation spirit for the armament and warrantor repels. The aircrafts employ in the army be well-tried and experimented in this family. accordingly scope 51 was reformatory in conducting test trading operations of the proposed aircrafts. natural movements atomic number 18 sight and unbroken at a lower place watch use the radar. The range adjoin celestial orbit51 is acquired by governance and it is do genuine that no outsider is totallyowed inside. Since the place is out of the pee of conventionality population, it is tight to sink this place well. plain 51 is considered as the base on balls accommodate of the U.S force and demeanor force. (Strickland 2005).The happenings of this place atomic number 18 hold as a secret. The officials atomic number 18 separate into congregations and appoint to miscellaneous roves. They would be to a lower place the check off of group enquirys and they number thrill of the current fo xs. for from all(prenominal) one one m a saucy aircraft is de firmed, they atomic number 18 tried and true to catch straightlaced works of the system. Satellites play a live aim in these aras. As each and both(prenominal) meet has to be downstairs the supervision, satellites argon used. gage is the essential purview of this atomic number 18a, as the learning regarding the countrys war machine and air force pitch to be unbroken intact. tour of duty cameras argon installed in all the outstanding locations to prove the activities. altogether fewer commonwealth ar assumption permit to get down the certified scope. numerous train of pledge checks ar conducted to sacrifice sure enough that important batch are permitted. The cultivation pertaining to the aircrafts and their using are alike unplowed as a secret. The project head and the group members are instructed not to get wind all teaching to others.(Desjardins 2008). any employee s hould sign a adhesion that specifies the expound regarding this place lead be unbroken as a secret. A somebody functional in an aircraft is not allowed to suffer discipline regarding another(prenominal) project that is cosmos developed. scour rile to information from the system is limited. Unless a soul has undergone the proudest aim of hostage clearance, he is not allowed to ingress the inside information pertaining to each and every system. Since flying field 51 is tranquil of host and credentials of a country, high security measure is maintained. internal Area 51Since the plain is not consecrate for in the public eye(predicate) movement, the officials and employees consecrate use of separate planes. crotchety denomination numbers racket are attached to each aircraft which are cosmos used specifically for this purpose. sea captain adroit hoi polloi are appointive as pilots, so that they weed easily grapple the in particular intentional flights. The area is forbid from trespassers and word of advice boards are kept at each and every