Plantation and settler colonies

Plantation and settler colonies Introduction Europeans easily defeated all of Africa and managed to separate Africa into minor colonies. A colony is a section of the continent managed by one particular European state. For instance, England managed colonies such as Rhodesia; France controlled nations such as Algeria; Under Imperialism, there were many different types of colonies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plantation and settler colonies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This included plantation, settler, occupation and entrepot (Tiffin Ashcroft 2002). This paper will discuss plantation and settler colonies. It will compare and contrast the experience of empires in plantation and settler colonies. In the original imperialism stages, the Europeans aim was to triumph over new lands so as to obtain raw materials which were not accessible in their home country. They also aimed at winning new people to Christianity. Following industrialization, impe rialism of the whites has changed; Imperialists during the post- industrial period looked for raw materials to supply to the factories of the natives while looking for new market places for their already produced goods. This imperialism led to the development of real empires and no empire, however was effectively enough to starve off the penetration of the whites. By the year 1850, the new imperialism established a contest to develop empires overseas (Morgan Hawkins 2006). Discussion Colonialism is the occupation and management of one country by another. The European nations have colonized many world areas for the preceding years. Plantation and settler colonies are two distinct means through which the Europeans developed colonies in the Americans. These were founded on their rationale for colonization. The French established plantation colonies since they were concerned in doing business for furs with the indigenous Americans. Britain was in need of raw materials for its industrie s in the United Kingdom. They, therefore took immense territories of land for cultivation and to use in their industries. They established plantation colonies to satisfy their wants. The British also needed to establish colonies for settlers to arrive and develop new cities that would be governed by the mother nation and pay duties to Britain. These were known as settler colonies (Tiffin Ashcroft 2002). Colonial rule however, differed in distinct ways; the treatment of the indigenous Americans was also different in the varying colonies. The British pressed the resident Americans out of their way to establish the settler and plantation colonies. The French on the other hand, treated their resident Americans well and developed these colonies besides River Mississippi so as to trade moderately (Morgan Hawkins 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Settler colonies were the firs t colonies; in these colonies, many Europeans migrated to Africa and stayed in colonies. It involved the whites and blacks staying and working subsequently. Plantation colony is an early system of colonization; settlers were planted overseas so as to develop a lasting or semi lasting colonial foundation. In this system, colonies were intended to support the growth of western civilization and Christianity among neighboring natives. This is evident in America and especially in the East Coast Plantations (Fredrickson 1988). Plantation colonies were the economical foundation of most of the American colonies. The climax of these plantation colonies was in the 18th century particularly the sugar farms in Caribbean that relied on slave labor and in this case, Britain flourished as the leading slaving state in the Atlantic globe. Slaves were transferred to the Caribbean farms between the year 1690 and 1807. Since the life of slavery on these plantations was ruthless and slaves demised witho ut having children, a steady supply of slaves was necessary; these slaves were obtained from Africa to sustain the plantation economy. There was a decreasing slave population, but in the year 1840, the slaves exceeded the whites. They supplied all the physical labor and this labor led to a spectacular change in the feeding habits of Britons. For instance, the Europeans used four sugar pounds in the year 1700, by the year 1800, this had increased to 16. The bedrock of plantation colonies was agriculture, especially the cultivation of cash crops. Slaves (Tiffin Ashcroft 2002). In settler colonies, the Europeans acquired the fertile African lands and were concerned with making lots of money from these African territories. They however did not want to carry out the hard works associated to it and they therefore made the natives to carry out these tasks on their behalf. In some settler colonies, the whites obliged many Africans to construct railway trails via the country; during this ti me, many Africans died due to starvation and ailments. In plantation colonies, the Europeans forced the Africans to pay profound taxes, this was not done in settler colonies. The Africans had to toil for the Europeans so as to make sufficient money to pay the large levies. Europeans therefore became prosperous while the Africans life worsened (Morgan Hawkins 2006). Settler colonialism involved distant family units shifting into a region and having children in that new country. Land was the foremost resource in settler colonies while natural and human resources such as adaptable souls and labor were the key resources in plantation colonies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Plantation and settler colonies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Settler colonies were long lasting except in the uncommon circumstances of total evacuation. Settlers went to a country to live; they were initiators of political commands and they ca rried with them a different sovereign capability. Settler colonies usually attempted to make the native residents of a nation fade away, they first utilized their labor before making them vanish. Settler colonies have expansively occurred all through even in the primordial times. The Roman Empire frequently set up settler colonies in recently subjugated regions. The colonists in settler colonies were experts of the Roman military who established farming land; these agricultural societies offered bastions of faithful citizens in unfriendly regions of the Empire. They hastened the Romanization practice amidst the conquered communities who were in proximity to them. An example of a settler colony is the colony near the town of Damascus. The modern settlements of Mezze and Deraya also draw their origin from communities established for settlement by the Romans (Morgan Hawkins 2006). Settler colonies were exclusive in nature. In these colonies, settlers took the place of the indigenous p eople in their native lands and this is different from plantation colonies. In settler colonies, the whites sought an enduring stake in their land while in plantation colonies, the whites sought just to utilize the resources of the natives. Another difference between the two colonies is that, in the plantation colonies, the whites concern was aimed at obtaining cheap labor; this was in the beginning via slavery, but with time, it grew to paid labor while in settler colonies, the main concern lay on exceptional control of the new land. In plantation colonies, the economic interest of the whites relied on labor management rather than land management of the colonized populace. The necessity to protect British rule in settler colonies like Australia weakened with time. Settler domination rose and the termination of slavery during the middle decades undermined governments (Morgan Hawkins 2006). Another principal difference between settler colonies and plantation colonies is that settler s had a tendency of living endearingly in settler colonies. By taking ownership of land and farming on it, there was no much contemplation of the settlers going back to their homes. In settler colonies, the occupying Europeans exterminated, dislocated and marginalized the natives to become a popular non indigenous populace.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In plantation colonies, the settlers comprised of a comparatively small but influential assembly of white planters. These were mainly interested in controlling and administering the utilization of resources as well as conserving the geopolitical concern of the municipal state. These rarely remained on following the termination of their mission. Examples of these colonies include Nigeria and India. Though there were many natives in these countries, they were regulated by a distant power. Colonial rule was majorly set up by the arrival of urban settlers in large numbers. These gained power over the regions by discussions with the former inhabitants. They cultivated unproductive and barely populated areas. With time, these metropolitan settlers became large in numbers. The management of these lands was entirely under the settlers with the original residents being resettled in the rural areas. These original residents were not able to stand for themselves politically. Their sovereignty was confined in the reserves. Expansion developments of the settlers totally served their wants. They did not benefit the natives. They only diminished them to paucity and structural reliance (Fredrickson 1988). Because of the aggressive manner in which the natives were opposed to plantation settlers at first, there was no extensive and organized authority to contradict their settler rules. As time passed by, the settlers gradually stopped to identify with their urban nation. They were able to take their own identity for granted. This was different from the new and the native states which they had left. The resulting colonial fight backs were those amongst the whites. The imperial procedure lingered in the new states. This was to continue defeating the former residents and gain land and riches (Mitchell 2000). In settler colonies, the colonial procedure meant complete take over of the new nation. For instance, Australia and New Zealand saw the diminution of their native populations to small alien inferiors. Their duty on the global scale was acting as ethnographic subjects. A confident degree of ambivalence besieged the survival of the natives. The sagacity of displacement incited the recognition that they belonged nowhere. They, therefore, no longer categorized themselves with the state where they initially came from. They also did not make out effortlessly with the original populace. This was especially tricky in settlements where the native inhabitants formed the greater part of the population. An example of this intricacy experienced by the settlers and the natives is South Rhodesia (Fredrickson 1988). Through an optimistic lens, this ambivalence showed that there is finding of a new custom. This neither belonged to the imperial nation from which they originated nor the native customs that they lived besides. As a custom, it was perceptibly of a cross breed nature, with adoptions from previous societies influencing social and artistic constructs. This incl uded verbal communication, finances and education. Plantation colonies were different from settler colonies especially when it comes to the place of women. European ladies were less appreciated in plantation colonies compared to settler colonies. In plantation colonies, women were taken as companions and instruments of reproducing. In settler colonies, the safety and productiveness of women was crucial to the colonial practice. Settler colonies in association with the ambivalence adjoining the situation of the settlers attested to be a fascinating study field. Reactions to empire in settler communities constituted a site of disputing and contradicting claims. This was a range of recognitions and subjectivities which declined to cohere tidily into oppositional post colonialism (Fredrickson 1988). Settler colonies were quite different from plantation colonies. The Europeans practicing plantation colonies were unable to settle since they were fought away by the Africans. Settler coloni es were better for the life of the natives compared to plantation colonies. Racism was highly manifested in plantation colonies than in settler colonies. Only the blacks were slaves in plantation colonies (Mitchell 2000). A similarity between settler and plantation colonies is in the fact that both the Europeans searched for a technique of getting wealthy at the expense of the Africans. In plantation colonies, the Europeans obliged the Africans to cultivate certain crops. The Whites could then trade these crops in other regions of the globe. The Africans grew crops such as cotton and tobacco. The whites would trade these crops at relatively higher charges and benefit from the earned proceeds. Plantation colonies intricate the Africans. They could not provide for their families since they had to cultivate only cash crops. They did not grow food crops for themselves and their families. As the whites became rich, the Africans became shoddier and were not able to supply or nourish their families. It is clear that in, both plantation and settler colonies, the Europeans grew wealthy at the expense of the blacks (Fredrickson 1988). References Fredrickson, M. (1988) The arrogance of race: historical perspectives on slavery, racism, and social inequality. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press Mitchell, G. (2000) Native vs. settler: ethnic conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa. Westport: Greenwood Press. Morgan, D. Hawkins, S. (2006) Black Experience and the Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tiffin, H., Ashcroft, B. (2002 The empire writes back: theory and practice in post-colonial literatures. Routledge: Routledge Publishers.

The Oneota Culture - Last Prehistoric Culture of the American Midwest

The Oneota Culture - Last Prehistoric Culture of the American Midwest The Oneota (or western Upper Mississippian) is the name archaeologists have given to the last prehistoric culture (1150-1700 AD) of the American upper midwest. The Oneota lived in villages and camps along tributary streams and rivers of the upper reaches of the Mississippi River. The archaeological remains of Oneota villages are located in the modern states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. What Did They Know of Cahokias Complex Capital? The origin of the Oneota people is somewhat of a controversy. Some scholars argue that the Oneota were descendants of the pre-Mississippian Woodland groups who were immigrants from other as-yet unknown locations, perhaps the Cahokia area. Another group of scholars argue the Oneota were local Late Woodland groups who changed their society as a result of contact with Middle Mississippian technologies and ideologies. Although there are clear connections in Oneota symbolism to the Mississippian complex of Cahokia, the Oneota sociopolitical organization was widely divergent from that of the complex society at the capital in the American Bottom near St. Louis, Missouri. Oneota groups were mainly independent chiefly societies located on major rivers upstream and far away from Cahokia. Oneota Characteristics Over the nearly six hundred years of their (recognized) occupation of the Upper Mississippi region, Oneota people changed their style of living and subsistence patterns and as the Europeans moved into the region, they migrated far to the west. But their cultural identity maintained a continuity, based on the presence of a number of artifact types and icononography. The most commonly recognized artifact of Oneota culture is shell-tempered, globular-shaped ceramic vessels with purposefully smoothed, but not burnished, exteriors. Distinctive point types used by Oneota hunters are small unnotched triangular arrow points called either Fresno or Madison points. Other stone tools connected with Oneota populations include pipestone carved into tablets, pipes and pendants; stone scrapers for buffalo hides, and fishhooks. Bone and shell hoes are indicative of Oneota agriculture, as are the ridged fields found in the early and eastern villages of Wisconsin. Architecture included oval wigwams, multi-family longhouses and cemeteries organized in sprawling villages on terraces near main rivers. Some evidence of warfare and violence are seen in the archaeological record; and the evidence of movement west with a maintained connectedness to people back home in the east are indicated by trade goods, including pipestone and hides, and metasedimentary abrasive rocks called paralava (formerly mis-identified as volcanic pumice or scoria). Chronology cal AD 1700-present day. Historic and modern tribes thought to be descended from Oneota include Ioway, Oto, Ho-Chunk, Missouria, Ponca and othersProtohistoric Oneota (Classic) (cal AD 1600-1700). After direct and indirect contact with French trappers and traders, La Crosse was abandoned, and the people moved westward along the Iowa/Minnesota borders and west following bison herdsMiddle Oneota (Developmental) (cal AD 1300-1600), Apple River and Red Wing abandoned, expanded outward. Oneota settlements opened at La Crosse, Minnesota, and the central Des Moines River valley (Moingona Phase)Early Oneota (Emergent) cal AD 1150-1300. Apple River (northwest Illinois) and Red Wing (Minnesota) localities are started, decorative motifs derived from Mississippian Ramey Incised pots Initial or Emergent Phase Oneota The earliest villages recognized as Oneota arose about AD 1150, as diverse and scattered communities along the floodplains, terraces and bluffs of the rivers, communities that were occupied at least seasonally and perhaps year-round. They were horticulturalists rather than farmers, relying on digging-stick agriculture based on maize and squash, and supplemented by deer, elk, birds and large fish. Foods gathered by early Oneota people include several plants that would be eventually domesticated as part of the Eastern North American Neolithic, such as maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana), chenopodium (Chenopodium berlandieri), little barley (Hordeum pussilum) and erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum). They also collected various nutshickory, walnut, acornsand conducted localized hunting of elk and deer and communal longer-distance hunting of bison. There likely was a lot of variation in these early villages, especially with respect to how important maize was in their diets. Some of the largest villages have accretional burial mounds. At least some of the villages had a tribal level of social and political organization. Development and Classic Period Oneota Middle Oneota communities apparently intensified their farming efforts, moving into broader valleys and including the preparation of ridged fields, and the use of shell and bison scapula hoes. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were added to the diet about 1300 AD: now Oneota people had the entire three sisters agricultural complex. Their communities shifted as well, to include larger houses, with multiple families sharing the same long house. Long houses at the Tremaine site in Wisconsin, for example, were 6-8.5 meters (20-27 feet) wide and varied in length between 26-65 m (85-213 ft). Mound building ceased entirely and mortuary patterns shifted to the use of cemeteries or burials beneath the floors of the longhouses. By the late period, many Oneota people migrated westward. These dispersed Oneota communities displaced the locals in Nebraska, Kansas and adjacent areas of Iowa and Missouri, and thrived on communal bison hunting supplemented with gardening. Bison hunting, assisted by dogs, allowed Oneota to obtain adequate meat, marrow and fat for food, and hides and bones for tools and exchange. Oneota Archaeological Sites Illinois: Gentlemen Farm, Material Service Quarry, Reeves, Zimmerman, Keeshin Farm, Dixon, Lima Lake, Hoxie Farm Nebraska: Leary site, Glen Elder Iowa: Wever, Flynn, Correctionville, Cherokee, Iowa Great Lakes, Bastian, Milford, Gillett Grove, Blood Run Kansas: Lovewell Reservoir, White Rock, Montana Creek Wisconsin: OT, Tremaine, La Crosse, Pammel Creek, Trempealeau Bay, Carcajou Point, Pipe, Mero Minnesota: Red Wing, Blue Earth Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Mississippian Culture, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Several good locations on the web for Oneota information include Lance Fosters Ioway Cultural Institute, the Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist, and the Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center. Betts CM. 2006. Pots and Pox: The Identification of Protohistoric Epidemics in the Upper Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 71(2):233-259. Boszhardt RF. 2008. Shell-tempered pottery from the upper Mississippi river valley. Southeastern Archaeology 27(2):193-201. Emerson TE, Hedman KM, and Simon ML. 2005. Marginal Horticulturalists or Maize Agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, Paleopathological, and Isotopic Evidence Relating to Langford Tradition Maize Consumption. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(1):67-118. Estes MB, Ritterbush LW, and Nicolaysen K. 2010. Clinker, Pumice, Scoria, or Paralava? Vesicular Artifacts of the Lower Missouri Basin. Plains Anthropologist 55(213):67-81. Fishel RL, Wisseman SU, Hughes RE, and Emerson TE. 2010. Sourcing Red Pipestone Artifacts from Oneota Villages in the Little Sioux Valley of Northwest Iowa. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 35(2):167-198. Logan B. 2010. A Matter of Time: The Temporal Relationship of Oneota and Central Plains Traditions. Plains Anthropologist 55(216):277-292. OGorman JA. 2010. Exploring the Longhouse and Community in Tribal Society. American Antiquity 75(3):571-597. Padilla MJ, and Ritterbush LW. 2005. White Rock Oneota Chipped Stone Tools. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(2):259-297. Ritterbush LW, and Logan B. 2009. A Late Prehistoric Bison Processing Camp in the Central Plains: Montana Creek East (14JW46). Plains Anthropologist 54(211):217-236. Theler JL, and Boszhardt RF. 2006. Collapse of crucial resources and culture change: a model for the Woodland to Oneota transformation in the Upper Midwest. American Antiquity 71:433-472. Tubbs RM, and OGorman JA. 2005. Assessing Oneota Diet And Health: A Community And Lifeway Perspective. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(1):119-163.

Consequences of Upward Mobility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consequences of Upward Mobility - Research Paper Example The paper states that societies shape the way a person behaves, how they view themselves and others, how they perceive their surroundings and how well they cope with misfortunes. (Surowiecki 443) agrees that whenever the community mourns, they come together to seek solutions. However, within families, societies, and communities, there is differentiation, and so, a member of a family or a community may feel different from others for many reasons including financial status, gender, socialization, and upbringing. (Serano 395) portrays an example of these differences in the coming out story of a transsexual woman. Serano explains that contempt and fear have shaped the society’s attitudes towards sexuality, gender, and women as whole. With these, there is a link between Surowiecki and Serano’s perception of culture and society. The whole society, through the media, reacted towards Serano’s coming out, maybe as an attempt to understand or find a solution to the queer k nowledge of her sexuality. Serano gives an account of her experiences through a culture that stereotypes transsexuals. (Nathan 234) also offers insight into diversity and community. She says that people always want to meet people from dissimilar backgrounds but when they do, they get uncomfortable and in turn, prefer people who are like them. This is also portrayed in Serano’s story. Understanding an individual’s behavior or tendency of making decisions requires a background understanding of the person’s psychological and physiological processes, their social systems, and the role of nature and nurture in their behavioral pattern. Societies have a great influence on the decisions people make because of the expectations it places on its members. People are therefore inspired to make decisions that agree with the expectations of society and more so, our decisions are socially shaped. Serano decided to keep her sexuality a secret before the coming out because she w as trying to be like everyone else in society. To maintain normality, she remained in the closet before deciding to come out. This is not always the case. Other factors are also very important in decision making, for instance, social experiences, cognitive maturity, and personality types play a role in one’s decision-making tendencies. Probably Serano’s experiences forced her to come out and change herself. To understand the importance of community and society, (Nathan 230) says that members of a community must have similarities, which permits them to relate to each other. The similarities are values, which are instilled in members and this helps them function together, just as Surowiecki explains in the functionality of the community, the community uses teams to solve problems. These teams are bound together with unified values and similarities. Together with the values, experiences of community members are also important in enabling them function and get along well. During difficulties, they rely on each other’s experience to cope and find solutions.

Islam shares many beliefs with Christianity and Judaism. Discuss Essay

Islam shares many beliefs with Christianity and Judaism. Discuss similarities and differences in the burial rites of the three Abrahamic religions in the UK today - Essay Example Most religions have got various rites when it comes to burial. The three Abrahamic religions currently follow different burial rites depending on their religious practices. This paper intends to discuss the overall and detailed burial rites for the three Abrahamic religions. This is due to the evidences on the disparities in their religious burial practices in UK despite originating from same ancestral origin. Christianity is the world’s largest religion with an estimation of 1.2 to 1.5 billion followers (Well Planned Funeral, 2009). This religion has been very prominent and has also undergone many revolutions aiming at restructuring the religious practice. In the UK, it is estimated that there are over 200 Christian denominations which have their own rituals as far as funerals are concerned. Not all churches have similar funeral rituals. Notable to state is that despite the denomination, the Christian faith dictated by the bible is commonly practiced in all denominations (Techner, 2007). This is because they all believe in the teachings of Jesus and follow the same bible. In Christianity, the funeral beliefs is normally underpinned and overruled by the fact that Christians believe in resurrection. Moreover, the teachings of Christianity also assure believers that there is eternal life for all human souls that die following the teachings of Jesus Christ (Well Planned Funeral, 2009). The main objective in a Christian funeral reflects the fact that funerals are a celebration of a winner who will live eternally (Danals, 2007). The Christian funeral must be accompanied by a special service. This is conducted by the local church where the deceased went to or family belongs to. The service is meant to offer final prayers for the deceased. During the special service, there must be biblical readings, singing of hymns and prayers for the deceased and family (Weaver, 2008). In Catholicism, there must be incorporation of the Holy

Competition in American Elections Essay Example for Free

Competition in American Elections Essay Elections are a crucial element of representative democracy. They are the direct link between citizens and their representatives in government: if the public approves of their elected officials’ actions, they continue to vote them back into office; if the public doesn’t like how things are going in the government, they vote for other candidates with different ideas. The electorate has to have this choice between candidates in order to effectively express their preferences. However, if the incumbent or incumbent party seems certain to win, a vote for a new candidate would be of little value: the election is not competitive; therefore, the public is hindered from voting into office a candidate that represents their true interests. It is therefore essential to examine the true meaning of what makes an election competitive and to determine whether American elections of various types adhere to this requirement. The literature competitiveness in elections is extensive, but all definitions more or less come down to the question of whether or not someone other than the winner might have won (had circumstances been different, had the opposition campaigned more effectively, had the public been more welcoming to the opposition’s ideas, etc.). A very minimalistic definition of a competitive election is given by Hyde and Marinov (2012) in the form of three criteria: â€Å"opposition is allowed, multiple parties are legal, and more than one candidate competes† (p. 192). Five requirements for determining if an election was competitive are given by Janowitz and Marvin (1955-1956): high levels of participation, political self-confidence and self-interest among the citizenry, effective public deliberation, a media not monopolized by one particular side, and campaigns operating mostly independently of the mass media (pp. 384-393). These criteria are meant to measure the degree to which the election represented a â€Å"process of consent† rather than a â€Å"process of manipulation†. Buchler (2007) defines competitive elections as those in which the candidates have about an equal chance of winning, or when their vote shares are about the sameso, the more the two-party vote for the winning candidate approaches 50%, the more competitive the election is. In their study on the effects of competition on legislator performance, Koninsky and Ueda (2011) define a competitive election as one in which the winner earned 90% or more of the two-party vote (p. 201), whereas Niemi et al. (2006) define competitive elections as those in which the winner received at least 60% of the two-party vote (cited in Koninsky and Ueda, p. 201). Such strictly defined, outcome-based requirements for electoral competitiveness have been criticized for being more or less arbitrary (Buchler, p. 336); however, for the purpose of this paper, such definitions are the most practical choice. The minimalistic definition of Hyde and Marinov is in fact too minimalistic for an examination of electoral competitiveness in America, where an open and democratic political process is an integral aspect of the Constitution itself. Janowitz and Marvins definition will be excluded for practical purposes because while the criteria to allow for analysis of electoral competitiveness pre-election, and therefore do not count as uncompetitive elections in which the opposition simply wasn’t strong enough, this method is much more suited to an in-depth study of a single election rather than a comparison between multiple election years and types because of the normative questions involved (the researchers in question used this method to examine the 1952 presidential election). While strictly statistical, outcome-based definitions of competitiveness are perhaps arbitrarily defined, they are simple and useful in studying electoral competitiveness over long periods. To avoid restraining myself to one statistic, I consider both the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. and the 90% requirement used by Koninsky and Ueda. In order to study competition in presidential elections, I have compiled both the popular vote and Electoral College vote for the presidential elections since 1980. I only included data from the two candidates who received the most votes. I then calculated the percentage of the two-party vote (popular and Electoral College) received by each candidate. The percentage of the two-party popular vote received by any given winner of the presidency never exceeded 60%, and can, therefore, be considered competitive by both the 60% and 90% requirements. However, the results of the two-party Electoral College vote were not always so close. In fact, in seven out of the ten presidential elections held in the past 37 years, the percent of the two-party vote in the Electoral College received by the winning candidate exceeded 60%, and in two of these elections, this percentage exceeded 90%. Therefore, by our most strict definition of a competitive election, most presidential elections in the past th irty-seven years have not been competitive if we use the data provided by the Electoral College votes. This could suggest that the structure of America’s presidential elections (i.e., indirect vote via the Electoral College) compromises the competitiveness of our elections, as all the presidential elections examined were found to be competitive in the popular vote, but the Electoral College votewhich is, in fact, the deciding factor in who will become Presidentwas found to be uncompetitive in most cases. It is clear that the Electoral College does extrapolate the margin of victory of the winner, most clearly evidenced by the elections of 1980 and 1984, when Reagan was elected with a two-party popular vote of 55% and 59%, respectively, but by a 91% and 98% two-party vote in the Electoral College (Woolley and Gerhard 2017). I have employed the same method used for presidential elections to measure competitiveness in statewide elections in Missouri (Governor and United States Senator elections) and the district-based Missouri United States Representative elections (except that the Electoral College factor was not applicable). I have used the past five elections for each type of election; therefore I have gone back to 2000 for the Governor election data, to 2004 for the U.S. Senator data, and to 2008 for the U.S. Representative data. The elections for Missouri governors and U.S. Senators all fall within the 60% requirement off competitiveness. However, the U.S. House elections rarely satisfy this requirement (one out of eight districts in 2014, three out of nine districts in 2010, and one out of nine districts in 2008 had a two-party vote of less than 60% for the winner). None of the elections ever had a two-party vote that exceeded 90%, so these elections are competitive by Koninsky and Ueda’s req uirement (Ashcroft 2017, â€Å"Missouri Election Results† and â€Å"Previous Elections†). However, the disparity is obvious: while U.S. Representative elections are still competitive by the 90% test, they are generally nowhere near as competitive as state Governor, U.S. Senator, or presidential elections. This most likely arises as a result of gerrymandering, defined by Lowi et al. (2017) as the practice of drawing district maps that favor one party or the other based on the partisan makeup of different regions (p. 198). This practice reduces the competitiveness of districts so that the party that drew the map will have certain victory in most districts while allowing their opponents to win in a handful of districts where their party has the clear majority. For statewide and nationwide elections, this is not an option, but for district-based elections, gerrymandering is common practice. In response to a lack of competition in district-based elections, many propose intentionally drawing electoral districts to narrow the margin of victory and encourage more robust competition. There are many reasons to advocate for increased competition. As previously mentioned, the electorate cannot express its true preferences if election results are more or less determined in advance. According to Lowi et al., competition among politicians incentivizes them to reveal more information about themselves and about the other candidates, which in turn makes citizens more apt to pick the candidates that best represent their interests (p. 428). The threat of competition incentivizes elected officials to steer clear of corrupt practices and to remain responsive to their constituency to ensure re-election (Brunell and Clarke 2012, p. 124). This same threat also means that officials elected in competitive elections are more active lawmakers (Koninsky and Ueda, p. 199). And according to Huckfe ldt et al. (2007), while electoral competitiveness does not seem to produce any direct effect on turnout, it still has an indirect effect in that parties and candidates put more campaign effort into competitive elections, which in turn encourages higher turnout (p. 809). Indeed, the word â€Å"competition† often has a very positive connotation in American culture. This is natural, as it is the founding block of the free market system which our country has embraced possibly more than any other country. It may, therefore, come as a surprise that not all scholars advocate competition in the electoral sphere. A fairly intuitive, though the easily disregarded aspect of competition in elections is that as the margin of victory decreases, the number of people who voted for losing candidates increases. Brunell and Clarke argue that these people are more dissatisfied with the outcome of the election and feel that their interests are not being represented in government (p. 125). A study conducted by Bowler and Donovan (2011) suggests that increased competition leads to dissatisfaction in the electorate because people dislike being exposed to politics (p. 159). Janowitz and Marvin argue that high levels of competition divide the electorate and disintegra te more moderate, compromise-oriented groups (p. 400). It would seem that competitive elections, while allowing the public to hold elected officials accountable to their constituents, also lead to less happy constituents in general. Buchler goes on to point out that in order to draw competitive districts, the actual partisan makeup of the electorate must be disregarded, and a smaller margin of victory increases the chances of an error in the declared winner (pp. 333, 336). So when we draw districts to be more competitive, we may end up with representatives who do not actually represent the people to any significant degree. While the arguments for and against electoral competition seem valid, it is important to distinguish which definition of â€Å"competitive† we are actually working with. For example, while the 60% requirement proposed by Niemi et al. judges that nearly all U.S. House elections in Missouri were non-competitive, the more minimalistic model proposed by Hyde and Marinov would classify all of the elections studied in this paper as competitive simply because they were truly democratic elections. At the same time, the broadest definition of a competitive election used, the 90% definition proposed by Koninsky and Ueda, would define nearly all of the elections studied as competitive. I doubt that those who wish for less electoral competition because of its divisive effect on the electorate would suggest that the two-party vote for the winning candidate must exceed 90% every time, just to keep people happy. The obvious gerrymandering that takes place in redistricting maps is not to be t aken lightly, but the solution is not necessarily an effort to draw more competitive districts. As Buchler (2005, cited in Buchler 2007) argues, an unbiased map is the best way to ensure true representation of the citizens of a given region, even if the map is, in fact, uncompetitive (p. 333). Perhaps this is what we should really be working towards the true ideological representationrather than the potentially random results that come from toss-up districts.

My Manufacturing Firm Essay -- Economic Systems, Market-Oriented Econo

Economic Systems An economic system refers to the rules of the game on how a country is governed economically (Peng, 27). A country’s strategy for its services, goods produced and the process in which its economic plan is executed. Market economy is characterized by the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces (Peng, 27). The effect of supply and demand affects the availability and price of a product for the interaction of businesses. Command economy is defined by a government taking (Peng, 27). All stellar decisions associated with production, distribution, product and service prices are controlled by the government. Mixed economy has elements of both a market economy and a command economy (Peng, 28). Businesses will have some flexibility in decision- making, but the government has control in others. When running a business in each of these different economic systems, it’s important to understand where the goods and services offered can be used and marketed. Economics are admin istered in a different manner by governments around the world. China’s economic transformation over the past two decades has converted to a market-oriented economy. The market-oriented reforms China implemented have unleashed individual initiative and entrepreneurship (globalEdge, 2010). A repercussion that the Chinese government deals with is the increased pollution and decline of natural resources. This can have an effect on job growth, new entrants entering the workforce and the foulness of crimes for an international business. There is an increase leeriness of purchasing Chinese products due to the contamination by pollution and chemicals. China’s key task was to create a socialist market economy (globalEdge, 2010). Many businesses are state-owned and o... ...ordination of goals and objectives that might get out of hand by the host country managers, by having a plan of action. Host country nationals will make local decision about product pricing and distribution, but the home office can overrule the local decisions. The staffing approach that best fits Mexico is the ethnocentric approach. Under this approach, people are perceived in the interest of how well they can complete a job or task rather than on the essence of religion, culture or their home country. Employees are chosen throughout the business by who they are and not where they come from concluding in a diverse workforce. This approach is genuinely global. A geocentric approach to international business sees its entire staff as able to in fact contribute to the business goals and objectives. Decision making is related to the well-being of the business. My Manufacturing Firm Essay -- Economic Systems, Market-Oriented Econo Economic Systems An economic system refers to the rules of the game on how a country is governed economically (Peng, 27). A country’s strategy for its services, goods produced and the process in which its economic plan is executed. Market economy is characterized by the â€Å"invisible hand† of market forces (Peng, 27). The effect of supply and demand affects the availability and price of a product for the interaction of businesses. Command economy is defined by a government taking (Peng, 27). All stellar decisions associated with production, distribution, product and service prices are controlled by the government. Mixed economy has elements of both a market economy and a command economy (Peng, 28). Businesses will have some flexibility in decision- making, but the government has control in others. When running a business in each of these different economic systems, it’s important to understand where the goods and services offered can be used and marketed. Economics are admin istered in a different manner by governments around the world. China’s economic transformation over the past two decades has converted to a market-oriented economy. The market-oriented reforms China implemented have unleashed individual initiative and entrepreneurship (globalEdge, 2010). A repercussion that the Chinese government deals with is the increased pollution and decline of natural resources. This can have an effect on job growth, new entrants entering the workforce and the foulness of crimes for an international business. There is an increase leeriness of purchasing Chinese products due to the contamination by pollution and chemicals. China’s key task was to create a socialist market economy (globalEdge, 2010). Many businesses are state-owned and o... ...ordination of goals and objectives that might get out of hand by the host country managers, by having a plan of action. Host country nationals will make local decision about product pricing and distribution, but the home office can overrule the local decisions. The staffing approach that best fits Mexico is the ethnocentric approach. Under this approach, people are perceived in the interest of how well they can complete a job or task rather than on the essence of religion, culture or their home country. Employees are chosen throughout the business by who they are and not where they come from concluding in a diverse workforce. This approach is genuinely global. A geocentric approach to international business sees its entire staff as able to in fact contribute to the business goals and objectives. Decision making is related to the well-being of the business.

Why Did So Many Colonists Die By Ashley Kron

Imagine sitting there and watching your friends die one by one. So many of the colonists died because first of all the colonists weren't prepared for the condition ions and the environment. Second the Englishmen didn't calculate well enough to support all the colonists. Everyone in Jamestown didn't know what they would face. The harsh environment of Jamestown began to show its effects throughout the settlement.The secondary source, document E † Chronology of English Mortal t)/' shows that a lot of colonists died from sickness,such as malaria. Also Document A says the e water was really brackish meaning the water was salty and could cause nausea. Addition ally the waste products in the water were not being flushed away with the tides. Document B states that when the colonists arrived in Jamestown was already in a drought. Due to this reason the lack of rainfall made it nearly impossible to grow crops. The environment wouldn't have been so aggravating if the settlers had been pre pared.Being an uneducated â€Å"gentlemen† made Jamestown suffer. Document C show multiple pieces of evidence supporting the fact that the settlers were unskilled d. First of all Document C shows that almost half of the men were â€Å"gentlemen†and didn't h eve a job. Also in document C most of the settlers held occupations that were unnecessary for a new colony. For example wig makers and tailors were recruited instead of important posits ions such as surgeons, farmers, and blacksmiths.

Cover Letter

Dear Hiring Manager, I have enclosed my resume. I am currently enrolled in City University of New York majoring in Education concentrated in Early Childhood. I have over 5 years of experience working in an educational environment with children between the ages 2 and 5. While in Middle School, I volunteered at an after work program tutoring my peers in key curriculum courses needed to pass State Testing. Once in high school I nurtured my passion for helping others strive to be the best. I was hired at Antioch Daycare Academy as a Part Time Instructor. As an instructor I was responsible for a class of 20 students between the ages of 2 and 4. I was required to complete a daily curriculum with my students that included the fundamentals needed in order to advance to Pre- K. I held monthly meetings with my student’s parents to discuss the growth, strengths and weakness of each student. My experiences in the classroom and work place have taught me how to effectively assess the short and long-term goals of children, and establish mutually agreed on methods to meet their needs. Throughout my years at Antioch, I was noticed and promoted to the positioned as Director’s Assistant, where I was able to strengthen my teaching and leadership abilities. I have shown to successfully work as part of an interdisciplinary team, collaborating with diverse professionals to provide a holistic approach to care. I have volunteered at daycare centers and outreach teen programs, emphasizing the importance of an education and the limitless opportunities it allows. In addition to my academic success and work experience, I have learned to not only organize my time effectively, but also use my experiences to spread awareness and educate others. In addition to working, I recruited members of my community and signatures of over 100 parents, which qualified Antioch as a potential UPK grant recipient. After several proposals, budgeting plans and curriculum outlines, we were awarded the full amount for UPK. My volunteer work, academic courses and work experience makes me a well-rounded candidate for the position was as a Family worker. I will bring new innovative ideas and proposals to further develop the classroom. Our mission is intertwined, to provide a safe and academically enriching program for children. I am currently up to date and certified CPR and First Aid, Anti-Bully and I have clearance from the Department of Health and the Department of Education. My salary requirement is negotiable based on the job responsibilities and total compensation package. Thank You, Cover Letter How to Write a Cover Letter What Should Your Cover Letter Do For You? It should answer the question – Why should I hire you? It should grab the employers’ attention and point out why you, above all other applicants, should be contacted for a personal interview. The resume should never travel alone. Each time you submit your resume to an employer, you should enclose a cover letter that explains why you are submitting the resume. A cover letter is critical to creating interest in your candidacy, even for an internship or volunteer opportunity.The cover letter is your â€Å"sales pitch†. It gives you the opportunity to draw an employer’s attention to the skills and experience outlined in your resume. You can expand on certain courses or job responsibilities that particularly match the position for which to be considered. It also gives you a chance to highlight special achievements that might otherwise go overlooked. In summarizing your qualifications, highlig ht your most appropriate skills or background in relation to a particular position without simply reiterating the information on your resume.Refer the reader to your enclosed resume for further elaboration your past accomplishments. Be direct and brief. Structure your cover letter with three sections: FIRST PARAGRAPH: This is the â€Å"why I'm writing to you† paragraph which immediately tells the employer the position you want to be considered for. This is short – usually 2-3 sentences. Points to cover: Why you are writing and which position you are applying for. ? How you heard about the position is irrelevant unless it is a mutual contact or recruiting program. Do not write, â€Å"I learned of this opportunity through the Career Services Office. ? Show from your research why you are interested in this position or organization. The goal is to make a connection – do this briefly and specifically or leave it out; sweeping statements will not work. SECOND PARAGRA PH: This is the â€Å"why I'm qualified† paragraph. Highlight some of your most relevant experiences and qualities as they relate to the position for which you are applying. Choose 2 – 3 points you want to make about Specific experiences/accomplishments or about general qualities you have exhibited, and provide Specific examples to support those points.This paragraph will change according to the job/employer for which you are applying. This is usually the longest paragraph of the letter. You may break this paragraph into two if it looks too lengthy or if your points work best in separate paragraphs. Points to ponder: ? ? The first sentence should be a hard-hitting opener. It is a quick introduction, which is accomplishment-oriented and directed at the skills and qualifications needed for the job/industry. The body of the paragraph should provide evidence to back up what you've just claimed.Cite specific jobs/internships/activities/projects and accomplishments associate d with those experiences. Use your resume to come up with some specifics, but NEVER reiterate passages from your resume word for word. Discuss why what you did is to the employer- relate the facts to the job. Strong examples are important! The final sentence is a summary of what you've discussed above. It's a good idea to mention the position title and company name to bring the reader back to the specific job in question. ? FINAL PARAGRAPH: This is a short 2-4 sentences paragraph.You should refer to the enclosed resume, request an interview and let the reader know what will happen next (Contact them within specific period of time unless it is a recruiting program). It is vital that you thank the reader for his/her time and consideration. Cover Letter Rules 1. Address to a specific name and title. If you are uncertain who to address, look in the library reference materials or call the company and ask the receptionist for the appropriate name and title. To gather this information, tel l the receptionist; â€Å"I am sending some important papers to the head of the Department.However, I’m not sure I have the correct name and address. Could you please tell me to whom I should address these documents? † Writing style should be direct, powerful and error free. Edit to eliminate extraneous words and to check grammar, spelling and punctuation. In addition to stating your purpose, the letter tells the reader how well you communicate. The cover letter should be no more than one page. It should follow good business format. Do not overwhelm the reader with a lengthy cover letter or excessive repetition of the resume content.Keep the letter short and to the point. Three or four paragraphs will suffice: Paragraph 1: State your interest and purpose. Paragraph 2 (& 3): Highlight your resume by stressing what you will do for the employer. Paragraph 3: Request an interview and, if possible, indicate that you will call to discuss potential opportunities. 5. Use appro priate language. Repeat terms that the employer uses, without plagiarizing the job description or quoting from the resume. Avoid jargon and the passive voice. Use action verbs and the active voice. Do not try to be cute or too aggressive.Be employer focused – tell the employer what you have to offer, not what you hope to gain from them or the position. Always be positive by stressing your base accomplishments and skills as well as your future value. 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. Be sure to keep copies of all correspondence. It is possible that you will need to refer to it in the future . Sample Cover Letter for an Internship (courtesy of about. com) Your Name 111 Main Street Reading, MA 01867 (781) 555 -5555 [email  protected] com Date Name Job Title Company Street City, State Zip Dear Ms.LastName: I am interested in applying for the scientific research summer internship position that was listed through the Name University Career Services Office. I have had a great deal of laboratory expe rience in chemistry, biology, and geology, both indoors and in the field. In the lab, I have performed chemical reactions and I am currently using microscopes to observe many specimens. In environmental field studies, I have conducted outdoor labs to assess water chemistry. Last summer, I worked as conservation assistant at Clumber National Park. I am seeking to complement this outdoor experience with a esearch internship in order to acquire the background necessary for a future career in scientific research. I believe that I would an asset to your program. This internship would provide me with the ideal opportunity to assist at your organization and to expand my research skills. I will call next week to see if you agree that my qualifications seem to be a match for the position. If so, I hope to schedule an interview at a mutually convenient time. I look forward to speaking with you. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Signature FirstName LastName This is to be used as a R EFERENCE ONLY.PLEASE DO NOT COPY EXACT STATEMENTS for your letter. Every cover letter must be tailored to the job for which you are applying! Sample Cover for a Volunteer Opportunity (courtesy of UMASS Amherst) Your Name 111 Main Street Reading, MA 01867 (781) 555 -5555 [email  protected] com August 9, 2012 Person’s Name Volunteer Coordinator Massachusetts Community Water Watch 44 Winter Street Boston, MA 02108 Dear Ms. X: This letter is to apply as a volunteer with Massachusetts Community Water Watch found through the Office of Community Service Learning at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.I am available to intern from September 1st 2012 to May 16th 2013. I am a first year student interested in pursuing a career in the field of biology. Through my coursework at the University, I continue to master the art and science of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data. I have strengthened my organizational skills through my lab courses and have developed specialized skil ls in using Excel. With my experience as a camp counselor, I am confident in interacting with and presenting educational topics to a young audience.Specifically, I was assigned by my supervisor to serve the role of Head Counselor. Through this role, I was able to coordinate and collaborate with other counselors and share ideas on fun interactive activities for campers. I look forward to utilizing my organizational and leadership skills in addition to my interest in biology to this internship. Thank you for your time and consideration. Sincerely, Your Name Enclosure: resume This is to be used as a REFERENCE ONLY. PLEASE DO NOT COPY EXACT STATEMENTS for your letter. Every cover letter must be tailored to the job for which you are applying!

Malcolm X Essays - Politics, Counterculture Of The 1960s

Malcolm X Essays - Politics, Counterculture Of The 1960s Malcolm X Racism is a problem that the American people have grappled with since colonial times. The 1960's saw the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr and Malcolm X, who not only influenced the civil rights movement but attempted to solve the problem of racism in this country. On February 16, 1965, Malcolm X gave a speech called Not Just An American Problem, but a World Problem. In his speech he provides a theory on the relationship between media and racism called image making which still has validity today. On first reading, Malcolm's tone is angry and his theory on image making sounds absurd. He states: They (racists) use the press to get public opinion on their side. . . this is a science called image making. they hold you in check through this science of imagery. They even make you look down upon yourself, by giving you a bad image of yourself. Some of our own Black people who have eaten this image themselves and digested it until they themselves don't want to live in the Black community. Yet, current television programming seems to favor this idea. Local news programs continue to show colored communities as dangerous and gang-infested. They continually rely on the reports of these areas for the bulk of their news and overlook the positive images that residents of these areas try to create. For example, KNTV news continually reports on the thefts and shootings in East San Jose but does not make an effort to show how residents are dealing with these situations. The day a local East San Jose church helped sway the city council to put a streetlight on a very busy intersection, the news pre-empted the report with an accident on another East San Jose intersection. As a result, most people in these communities do not realize that they have power to change their area and have a great desire to move out of these areas. They have become prisoners who have bought into the image of East San Jose. Yet, local news programs are not the only ones to blame for image making; documentaries have played a part in the negative images of blacks. Malcolm X makes the claim that the negative image of communities in America are just a small part of the image making process. The documentary film has done the same for their African homeland. He states: They (the press) projected Africa in a negative image, a hateful image. They made us think that Africa was a land of jungles, a land of animals, a land of cannibals and savages. It was a hateful image. Current documentaries of Africa are still about their jungles and their tribes. Although they do not have a racist tone, the idea that African people are still uncivilized continues. The result is: Black people here in America who hated everything about us that was African. . . it was you who taught us to hate ourselves simply by shrewdly maneuvering us into hating the land of our forefathers and the people on that continent. These films do have an influence on today's society. From watching today's black TV, the actors on these shows make fun of these images. Recently, Martin Lawrence made fun of one of his friends; calling him a spear-thrower on his hit TV show. The larger problem that Malcolm X did not discuss in his speech is the result of the image making. The effectiveness of today's media on young minds is great. Only several years have passed since the introduction of a Black Barbie doll. The great action heroes are not colored but are white; only their sidekicks are colored, e.g., Lone Ranger and Tonto. Consequently, the serious Black actor is a precious commodity. It is the Black comedian who is more accepted in today's society because they are able to laugh about the negative black images. The white man, as Malcolm X might agree, would favor the comedian over the serious actor because white men do not want to be reminded about their crime. The comedian often supports the negative black images that the media has created: large lips, large buttocks, the criminal and the slave. Eddie Murphy is famous for his Mister Robinson character on Saturday Night Live. Robinson is a spoof on Mister Rogers; however, Robinson is a criminal. The image of the black man as a thief

History of the Textile Industry

History of the Textile Industry The major steps in the manufacture of textiles and clothes are: Harvest and clean the fiber or wool.Card it and spin it into threads.Weave the threads into cloth.Fashion and sew the cloth into clothes. Great Britains Lead in Textile Machinery During the early eighteenth century, Great Britain was determined to dominate the textile industry. Laws forbade the export of English textile machinery, drawings of the machinery, and written specifications of the machines that would allow them to be constructed in other countries. Britain had the power loom, a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom for weaving. Britain also had the spinning frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns at a faster rate. Meanwhile the stories of what these machines could do excited envy in other countries. Americans were struggling to improve the old hand loom, found in every house, and to make some sort of a spinning machine to replace the spinning wheel by which one thread at a time was laboriously spun. American Failures with Textile Machinery and the American Textile Industry Flounders In 1786, in Massachusetts, two Scotch immigrants, who claimed to be familiar with Richard Arkwrights British-made spinning frame, were employed to design and build spinning machines for the mass production of yarn. The inventors were encouraged by the U.S. government and assisted with grants of money. The resulting machines, operated by horse power, were crude, and the textiles produced irregular and unsatisfactory. In Providence, Rhode Island another company tried to build spinning machines with thirty-two spindles. They worked badly and all attempts to run them by water-power failed. In 1790, the faulty machines were sold to Moses Brown of Pawtucket. Brown and his partner, William Almy, employed enough hand-loom weavers to produce eight thousand yards of cloth a year by hand. Brown needed working spinning machinery, to provide his weavers with more yarn, however, the machines he bought were lemons. In 1790, there was not a single successful power-spinner in the United States. How Did the Textile Revolution Finally Happen in the United States? The textile industry was founded by the work and importance of the following businessmen, inventors, and inventions: Samuel Slater and MillsSamuel Slater has been called both the Father of American Industry and the Founder of the American Industrial Revolution. Slater built several successful cotton mills in New England and established the town of Slatersville, Rhode Island. Francis Cabot Lowell and Power LoomsFrancis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman and the founder of the worlds first textile mill. Together with inventor Paul Moody, Lowell created a more efficient power loom and a spinning apparatus. Elias Howe and Sewing MachinesBefore the invention of the sewing machine, most sewing was done by individuals in their homes, however, many people offered services as tailors or seamstresses in small shops where wages were very low. One inventor was struggling to put into metal an idea to lighten the toil of those who lived by the needle. Ready-Made Clothing It was not until after the  power-driven sewing machine  was invented, that factory production of clothes and shoes on a large scale occurred. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn, there were tailors and seamstresses in most towns that could make individual items of clothing for customers. About 1831, George Opdyke (later Mayor of New York) began the small-scale manufacture of ready-made clothing, which he stocked and sold largely through a store in New Orleans.  Opdyke was one of the first American merchants to do so. But it was not until after the power-driven sewing machine was invented, that factory production of clothes on a large scale occurred. Since then the clothing industry has grown. Ready-Made Shoes The Singer machine of 1851 was strong enough to sew leather and was adopted by shoemakers. These shoemakers were found chiefly in Massachusetts, and they had traditions reaching back at least to Philip Kertland, a famous shoemaker (circa 1636) who taught many apprentices. Even in the early days before machinery, division of labor was the rule in the shops of Massachusetts. One workman cut the leather, often tanned on the premises; another sewed the uppers together, while another sewed on the soles. Wooden pegs were invented in 1811 and came into common use about 1815 for the cheaper grades of shoes: Soon the practice of sending out the uppers to be done by women in their own homes became common. These women were wretchedly paid, and when the sewing machine came to do the work better than it could be done by hand, the practice of putting out work gradually declined. That variation of the sewing machine which was to do the more difficult work of sewing the sole to the upper was the invention of a mere boy, Lyman Blake.  The first model, completed in 1858, was imperfect, but Lyman Blake was able to interest Gordon McKay, of Boston, and three years of patient experimentation and large expenditure followed. The McKay sole-sewing machine, which they produced, came into use, and for twenty-one years was used almost universally both in the United States and Great Britain. But this, like all the other useful inventions, was in time enlarged and greatly improved, and hundreds of other inventions have been made in the shoe industry. There are machines to split leather, to make the thickness absolutely uniform, to sew the uppers, to insert eyelets, to cut out heel tops, and many more. In fact, division of labor has been carried farther in the making of shoes than in most industries, for there about three hundred separate operations in making a pair of sh oes.

(research on why) John Quincy Adams was consider the best Secretary of Essay

(research on why) John Quincy Adams was consider the best Secretary of State in U.S. History - Essay Example Among the many provisions of this treaty, the highlight of the agreement was setting the boundary between British North America and the United States. Britain was told to abandon the Northern access to the Mississippi River. Another among Adams’s stunning successes as a Secretary of State was his triumphant acquisition of Florida. Ever since the purchase of Lousiana, border issues particularly concerning Florida had been a problem (Peil, 1997). Different administrations struggled to include Florida, which was back then was a Spanish territory without any presence of the Spaniards but with runaway slaves and Indian raiders. Despite all the efforts, it was only Adams who had victoriously negotiated the territory of Florida through making the Spanish minister sign the Florida Treaty, also known as the Adams Onis Treaty. Thus, the Spaniards had given up to United States all the entitlement to Florida. This former secretary was able to successfully won Florida to United States through justifying that events that involved General Andrew Jackson such as forcing the Indians to go south, exterminated the British suppliers of weapons, and others, were just evidences that Spain could not govern her territor y (Chace and Carr, 1988). Moreover, another striking achievement of Adams was the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. Indeed, this doctrine had the name of the president on it but Adams was primarily the author of the said policy. According to LaFeber (1994) and Tremblay (2004: 133-134) , the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States of America would consider all efforts of the European powers to colonize or interfere with the states inside the boundaries of America as forms of offense. Thus, the United States should intervene in all the kinds of invasion by the European countries. This policy was a mechanism serving as prevention

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example In my organization, nurses are able to get feedback on the quality of their services from their patients as well as from the general public through a facebook page created by the organization and also through twitter. This has greatly improved provision of services in my organization as weak points are easily identified and appropriate strategies implemented. I agree with your implication Hope Barham that the situation in your case scenario can be addressed through the nurse manager providing scheduling examples previously made and that have been a success and openly discussing them. In my opinion, social sites could play a vital role in improving the staff morale in your case scenario. Hader (2009) posits that social sites within a department can be used to "Share information, dialogue, and receive feedback and input from others" (p. 6). Therefore, you could allow the nurses to give their input through social sites and then incorporate their opinions and views in creating the schedules. Engaging the nurses in creating their schedules will enable them feel that their input is valued and hence feel motivated. Bestowing a schedule to employees that they have not been involved in creating is likely to be met with